Habitual residence turns on a hybrid factual inquiry, not parental intention alone.
This appeal addressed habitual residence under Article 3 of the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction after a parent retained children in Canada beyond a time-limited consent period.
The Court adopted a hybrid, multi-factor approach that evaluates all relevant circumstances, including but not limited to parental intent and the child's links to each state.
The Court also endorsed a non-technical approach to Article 13(2), requiring proof of sufficient maturity and a genuine objection before discretion is exercised.
Although the matter was moot, the appeal was resolved to clarify national law and emphasize expeditious handling of return proceedings.
Office of the Children’s Lawyer v. Balev, 2018 SCC 16, [2018] 1 S.C.R. 398