Jeffrey M. Loenen

The appellant father challenged provisions of the British Columbia Vital Statistics Act that allowed a mother to arbitrarily 'unacknowledge' a father on a birth registration, thereby excluding his particulars and preventing him from participating in choosing the child's surname.

The Supreme Court of Canada held that the provisions violated section 15(1) of the Charter by discriminating on the basis of sex, as they exposed fathers to arbitrary exclusion without recourse.

The Court found the infringement was not justified under section 1, as the legislation did not minimally impair fathers' rights.

The provisions were declared unconstitutional, with the declaration suspended for 12 months.

The appellant, a gay and lesbian bookstore, challenged the constitutionality of Customs legislation that authorized the interception and prohibition of obscene materials.

Customs officials had repeatedly delayed, confiscated, or prohibited materials imported by the bookstore, often misclassifying non-obscene gay and lesbian erotica as obscene.

The Supreme Court of Canada held that while the Customs legislation infringed freedom of expression under s. 2(b) of the Charter, it was largely justified under s. 1 as a reasonable limit to prevent the importation of harmful obscene materials.

However, the Court struck down the reverse onus provision in s. 152(3) of the Customs Act as it applied to obscenity determinations, ruling that the burden of proving obscenity must rest on the Crown.

The Court also found that while the legislation itself did not violate s. 15(1) equality rights, its systemic misapplication by Customs officials had discriminated against the gay and lesbian community.