ONTARIO
SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE
RE: Her Majesty The Queen v. Ian Bertsch
BEFORE: Mr. Justice Kenneth L. Campbell
COUNSEL: David A. Mitchell, for the Crown, appellant
David E. Harris, for the accused, respondent
HEARD: February 21, 2013
ENDORSEMENT
[Summary Conviction Appeal]
A. Overview
1The respondent, Ian Bertsch, was acquitted at trial on an “over 80” charge. The trial judge expressed a reasonable doubt in relation to issues that were not relevant to any of the elements of the alleged offence, but which were relevant only to a potential Charter of Rights application that the respondent did not pursue at trial. The Crown appeals against this acquittal and seeks a new trial. The respondent concedes the alleged legal error by the trial judge, but contends that the appeal should be dismissed as the result would necessarily have been the same if the trial judge had properly considered the case. Accordingly, the main issue on this appeal is whether the Crown has established that the acquittal may well have been affected by the acknowledged analytical error by the trial judge.
B. The Proceedings at Trial
2The respondent was tried by the Honourable Mr. Justice B. Cavion of the Ontario Court of Justice on a single charge of operating a motor vehicle, on August 6, 2011, in Toronto, after having consumed alcohol in such a quantity that his blood-alcohol concentration was in excess of 80 mgs. of alcohol in 100 mls. of blood.
3The trial was short and took place on June 2, 2012. The trial consisted of two Crown witnesses. The accused did not testify or call any additional evidence. The Crown’s case consisted of: (1) the investigating police officer who stopped the respondent at 6:50 p.m. on August 6, 2011, as part of an organized “Reduce Impaired Driving Everywhere” (R.I.D.E.) program just outside the Canadian National Exhibition (C.N.E.) grounds where there was a beer festival; and (2) the qualified breath technician who subsequently took samples of the respondent’s breath for analysis by means of an Intoxilyzer 8000C. There was no application by the respondent under the Charter of Rights, and the evidence of the results of the analysis of the respondent’s breath samples were admitted into evidence without any objection by trial counsel for the respondent. Those results established that the respondent had blood-alcohol levels of 113 and 107 mgs. of alcohol in 100 mls. of blood at 7:51 p.m. and 8:14 p.m. respectively on August 6, 2011.
4In his closing argument, defence counsel for the respondent did not seek the exclusion of any evidence or advance any argument under the Charter of Rights. Rather, defence counsel argued that the Crown had not proven the case against the respondent beyond a reasonable doubt. In advancing this argument, counsel for the respondent relied, essentially, upon two pieces of evidence, namely: (1) that the investigating police officer had wrongly describing the serial number of the screening device that he had used to test the respondent’s breath at the roadside; and (2) that the investigating officer failed to question the respondent at the roadside as to precisely when he had consumed his last drink. The Crown argued that there was no Charter application before the trial judge by means of which he could exclude the Intoxilizer results of the respondent’s breath samples, and the commission of the alleged offence by the respondent was clearly established by the testimony of the qualified breath technician and the uncontested admission of his Certificate.
5The trial judge reserved judgment. Subsequently, in brief Reasons for Judgment released on July 6, 2012, Cavion J. acquitted the respondent. The trial judge recalled the arguments made by defence counsel regarding the significance of the misidentified approved screening device, and the failure of the investigating officer to inquire of the respondent at the road-side when he had his last drink. The trial judge then stated:
None of these issues is, on its own, necessarily fatal to the prosecution’s case. But occasionally, when taken all together, and looking at the entire context, a reasonable doubt creeps in and it becomes unfair to ascribe culpability. As a result the charges are dismissed.
C. The Positions of the Parties on Appeal
6The Attorney General of Ontario appeals against this acquittal. The Crown contends that the brief Reasons for Judgment by the trial judge are legally insufficient. More significantly however, the Crown contends that the Reasons do not provide a sound legal basis for the acquittal of the respondent, as the issues mentioned by the trial judge are simply not relevant to the Crown’s obligations to prove the elements of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt. Rather, they could only have been relevant in the context of a Charter application, if one had been brought, to challenge whether the investigating officer had the necessary reasonable and probable grounds to arrest the respondent and make the demand for samples of his breath. The Crown contends, in the further alternative that, if the decision of the trial judge was, in effect, to exclude the results of the respondent’s breath samples as a result of some unarticulated but perceived violation of the Charter of Rights, the trial judge was in error in reaching such a conclusion.
7In response, Mr. Harris, who was not trial counsel for the respondent, fairly concedes that the trial judge erred in acquitting the respondent on the basis of the two issues mentioned in the Reasons for Judgment. He argues, however, that the Crown appeal should dismissed nevertheless because the result of the case would necessarily have been the same if the trial judge had properly analyzed the issues before him according to the law.
8More specifically, Mr. Harris argues that, if the trial judge had viewed the submissions of defence counsel at trial as, in effect, a Charter application, he would inevitably have concluded: (1) that the investigating police officer failed to properly consider the possibility of “residual mouth alcohol” and wait before administering the road-side screening breath test; (2) that without the “fail” from the approved screening device, the investigating officer did not have reasonable and probable grounds to demand breath samples from the respondent; (3) that the breath samples obtained from the respondent by the qualified breath technician were secured in violation of s. 8 of the Charter; and (4) that the Intoxilyzer results of the respondent’s breath samples should be excluded from evidence under s. 24(2) of the Charter.
D. Analysis
1. The Decision of the Trial Judge
9I agree with the parties that the trial judge erred in law in acquitting the accused on the basis of his reasonable doubt regarding the erroneously described serial number of the screening device and the absence of evidence at the roadside as to when the respondent had his last drink.
10Neither of these two issues touched upon the essential elements of the offence of operating a motor vehicle with over 80 mgs. of alcohol in his blood. Said another way, in order to establish the guilt of the respondent for the alleged “over 80” offence, the Crown was not legally obliged to prove beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that the officer used an approved screening device at the road-side; or (2) the time the respondent had his last drink. Accordingly, whether the trial judge possessed a cumulative reasonable doubt in relation to those issues was simply not legally relevant to whether the Crown had established the alleged guilt of the accused for the offence of which he was charged. Accordingly, it was wrong for the trial judge to acquit the respondent based upon a reasonable doubt in relation to legally irrelevant considerations.
11The two issues mentioned by the trial judge would have been legally relevant to the potential outcome of the case if the accused had brought an application at trial contending that his right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure had been violated, contrary to s. 8 of the Charter, and had sought to exclude from evidence the results of the analysis of his breath samples under s. 24(2) of the Charter. However, the respondent brought no such application at trial. Indeed, as I have indicated, the evidence that the respondent had an illegal blood-alcohol level on the evening in question was admitted into evidence without objection.
12Moreover, even if the respondent had sought the exclusion of his breath samples at trial under s. 24(2) of the Charter on the basis of an alleged violation of s. 8 of the Charter, it would not have been sufficient for the respondent to simply raise a reasonable doubt in relation to those issues. On such Charter applications the burden of proof is on the accused on the balance of probabilities. More particularly, on such Charter applications the legal obligation is cast upon the accused to prove, on the balance of probabilities, not only that his constitutional rights under the Charter of Rights have been violated, but also that the evidence obtained by the police in the result ought to be excluded. See, for example: R. v. Bartle, 1994 64 (SCC), [1994] 3 S.C.R. 173, at pp. 211-213. Accordingly, even if the trial judge had decided to take it upon himself to view the arguments of counsel for the respondent as, in effect, a late-breaking application under the Charter, the trial judge would still have been obliged to apply the legally correct burden of proof in relation to those Charter issues. He did not. In his Reasons the trial judge did not find a violation of any of the respondent’s Charter rights, nor did he exclude the evidence of the results of the Intoxilyzer analysis of the respondent’s breath samples. Further, the trial judge made no mention of any burden upon the respondent. The trial judge simply mentioned the two issues and concluded that, together, they caused him to have a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the respondent, and dismissed the charges against him.
13With respect, the trial judge erred in law in this analysis of this case.
2. The Impact on the Verdict
14In order to secure a new trial in the present case, however, it is not enough for the Crown to simply demonstrate that the trial judge made some legal error in acquitting the respondent. The Crown must also demonstrate that, in the concrete reality of the case, the legal error by the trial judge had some material impact upon the verdict. More specifically, the Crown must demonstrate that the verdict would not necessarily have been the same but for the legal error by the trial judge. This is a heavy burden as the appellate court must be satisfied, to a reasonable degree of certainty, that the outcome may well have been affected by the error by the trial judge. The Crown is not required to show that the verdict would necessarily have been different, but must show that it would not necessarily have been the same but for the error of the trial judge. See: R. v. Vézeau, 1976 7 (SCC), [1977] 2 S.C.R. 277, at p. 292; R. v. Sutton, 2000 SCC 50, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 595, at para. 2; R. v. Graveline, 2006 SCC 16, [2006] 1 S.C.R. 609, at para. 14; R. v. Briscoe, 2010 SCC 13, [2010] 1 S.C.R. 411, at para. 26; R. v. Barros, 2011 SCC 51, [2011] 3 S.C.R. 368, at para. 79, 103, 106.
15As I have indicated, Mr. Harris argued, on behalf of the respondent, that a new trial should not be ordered in this case as the verdict would necessarily have been the same if the trial judge had not erred. I disagree. Indeed, I have no hesitation concluding that the Crown has met its heavy burden in justifying appellate interference with the verdict reached by the trial judge in the circumstances of this case.
16Had the trial judge not misunderstood the necessary legal components of the offence of “over 80” with which the respondent was charged, he might well have reached a different result in this case. Indeed, had the trial judge directed his mind to whether the Crown had proven the essential elements of the offence of “over 80,” instead of becoming side-tracked by irrelevant considerations, he might well have concluded that the Crown had established the guilt of the respondent beyond a reasonable doubt. After all, the Crown had established the respondent’s illegal blood-alcohol concentration and the respondent had offered no legally viable defence to the charge. In short, the trial judge could easily have concluded that the respondent was guilty of this alleged offence.
17Even if the trial judge had unilaterally viewed the arguments advanced on behalf of the respondent as a belated Charter application, the trial judge might well not have been satisfied that the respondent had demonstrated, on the balance of probabilities, a violation of his Charter rights justifying an ex post facto exclusion of the evidence of his illegal blood-alcohol concentration under s. 24(2) of the Charter. After all, the trial judge expressed only a “reasonable doubt” on those issues, and did not engage in any of the required legal analysis. The existence of such a doubt certainly did not entitle the respondent to the exclusion of the key evidence against him.
18There is no question that if the trial judge had viewed the closing arguments of defence counsel as a Charter application, and if the trial judge had concluded that there had been a violation of s. 8 of the Charter, and if the trial judge had decided to exclude the evidence of the qualified breath technician as to the Intoxilyzer results of the respondent’s breath samples, then the result in this case would be the same. If all of those things had happened, the charge against the respondent would have been dismissed. However, I cannot conclude, based upon the record in this case, that all of those things would necessarily have taken place if the trial judge had not erred in law in his analysis of this case.
19In any event, however, in my view it is not for an appellate court to undertake that type of detailed factual analysis in relation to a Charter issue that was never raised at trial. Had the respondent advanced a Charter claim at the trial of this matter, the Crown might well have asked other questions, adduced other evidence, and advanced other arguments. Had this potential Charter claim been raised at trial the evidentiary record in this case might be quite different. Accordingly, it would be unwise for me to now try to assess how such a Charter claim might have been raised and litigated by the parties, and what factual findings would have been appropriately made by the trial judge in light of the applicable burden of proof on the accused in relation to such Charter issues. There are simply too many potential variables to conclude that the result would necessarily have been the same but for the erroneous legal analysis of the trial judge.
E. Conclusion
20In the result, I am satisfied that the Crown has demonstrated: (1) that the trial judge seriously erred in law in his analysis of this case; and (2) that the acquittal of the respondent would not necessarily have been the result of this case if the trial judge had not so erred. Accordingly, the Crown appeal is allowed, the acquittal of the respondent is set aside, and a new trial is ordered.
Kenneth L. Campbell J.
Released: March 14, 2013