Abarca v. Vargas, 2015 ONCA 4

Abarca et al. v. Vargas et al.; The Wawanesa Mutual Insurance Company, Third Party

[Indexed as: Abarca v. Vargas]

Ontario Reports

Court of Appeal for Ontario,

Laskin, Rouleau and Lauwers JJ.A.

January 7, 2015

123 O.R. (3d) 561 | 2015 ONCA 4

Case Summary

Insurance — Automobile insurance — Underinsured motorist coverage — Plaintiffs' counsel moving without notice in Newmarket action to add defendant's automobile insurer (which was taking off-coverage position) and plaintiffs' own automobile insurer as party defendants — Newmarket motion judge directing counsel to bring motion on notice as limitation period had expired — Counsel disregarding that direction and commencing new action in Toronto against original defendant and both insurers — Counsel abusing court's process by disregarding direction of Newmarket motion judge but not committing abuse of process by commencing action against plaintiffs' own insurer in Toronto in relation to underinsured automobile coverage — Toronto motion judge erring in striking claim against plaintiffs' insurer as penalty for abuse of process — Ruling disproportionate as it risked depriving plaintiffs of underinsured automobile coverage — Appropriate penalty an order depriving plaintiffs of costs of motion to strike and appeal.

The plaintiffs sued the defendant in Newmarket for damages arising out of a motor vehicle accident which occurred after the defendant allegedly ran a red light at a high speed. The defendant's automobile insurer, Wawanesa, took an off-coverage position. The plaintiffs' own automobile insurance policy included underinsured automobile coverage. Counsel for the plaintiffs brought a motion without notice to add Wawanesa and the plaintiffs' automobile insurer, Economical, as party defendants. The Newmarket motion judge directed counsel to bring the motion on notice as the statutory limitation period, subject to discoverability, had expired. Counsel disregarded that direction and commenced an action in Toronto against the defendant and both insurers. On a motion by Economical, the Toronto motion judge struck the claim against Economical for underinsured automobile coverage on the basis of an abuse of process by counsel for the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs appealed.

Held, the appeal should be allowed.

Counsel for the plaintiffs abused the court's process by disregarding the direction of the Newmarket motion judge. However, it was not an abuse of process to commence the action against Economical in Toronto in relation to the underinsured automobile coverage issue. The disregard of the Newmarket motion judge's direction fell towards the minor end of the spectrum of seriousness. The motion judge failed to give due consideration to Economical's possible limitation defence in striking the claim for underinsured automobile coverage. The penalty was not consistent with the principles of the Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 194 or with insurance law principles. By buying underinsured automobile coverage from Economical, the plaintiffs were behaving as responsible motorists seeking to protect themselves and others. They should only be deprived of that coverage for the very gravest of reasons. The minor abuse of process did not justify the potential loss of underinsured coverage. The appropriate penalty was an order depriving the plaintiffs of costs of the motion to strike and the appeal. [page562]

Maynes v. Allen-Vanguard Technologies Inc., [2011] O.J. No. 644, 2011 ONCA 125, 274 O.A.C. 229, distd

Other cases referred to

1196158 Ontario Inc. v. 6274013 Canada Ltd. (2012), 112 O.R. (3d) 67, [2012] O.J. No. 3877, 2012 ONCA 544, 295 O.A.C. 244, 353 D.L.R. (4th) 129, 220 A.C.W.S. (3d) 533; Beausoleil v. Canadian General Insurance Co. (1992), 1992 CanLII 8679 (ON CA), 8 O.R. (3d) 754, [1992] O.J. No. 954, 92 D.L.R. (4th) 152, 55 O.A.C. 383, 7 C.C.L.I. (2d) 165, [1992] I.L.R. Â1-2846 at 1872, 35 M.V.R. (2d) 133, 33 A.C.W.S. (3d) 620 (C.A.); Behn v. Moulton Contracting Ltd., [2013] 2 S.C.R. 227, [2013] S.C.J. No. 26, 2013 SCC 26, 443 N.R. 303, 2013EXP-1575, J.E. 2013-869, EYB 2013-221660, 43 B.C.L.R. (5th) 1, [2013] 3 C.N.L.R. 125, 357 D.L.R. (4th) 236, 333 B.C.A.C. 34, [2013] 7 W.W.R. 1, 226 A.C.W.S. (3d) 612; Canam Enterprises Inc. v. Coles (2000), 2000 CanLII 8514 (ON CA), 51 O.R. (3d) 481, [2000] O.J. No. 4607, 194 D.L.R. (4th) 648, 139 O.A.C. 1, 5 C.P.C. (5th) 218, 101 A.C.W.S. (3d) 806 (C.A.); Chomos v. Economical Mutual Insurance Co. (2002), 2002 CanLII 45021 (ON CA), 61 O.R. (3d) 28, [2002] O.J. No. 3164, 216 D.L.R. (4th) 356, 162 O.A.C. 171, 43 C.C.L.I. (3d) 69, 33 M.V.R. (4th) 176, 115 A.C.W.S. (3d) 1049 (C.A.); Despotopoulos v. Jackson, [1996] O.J. No. 4185 (C.A.), affg [1991] O.J. No. 1472, [1992] I.L.R. Â1-2793 at 1645, 28 A.C.W.S. (3d) 834 (Gen. Div.); Schmitz (Litigation guardian of) v. Lombard General Insurance Co. of Canada (2014), 118 O.R. (3d) 694, [2014] O.J. No. 531, 2014 ONCA 88, 315 O.A.C. 187, 31 C.C.L.I. (5th) 1, 237 A.C.W.S. (3d) 484; Smith v. Co-operators General Insurance Co., [2002] 2 S.C.R. 129, [2002] S.C.J. No. 34, 2002 SCC 30, 210 D.L.R. (4th) 443, 286 N.R. 178, J.E. 2002-663, 158 O.A.C. 1, 36 C.C.L.I. (3d) 1, [2002] I.L.R. I-4071, 112 A.C.W.S. (3d) 950; Somersall v. Friedman, [2002] 3 S.C.R. 109, [2002] S.C.J. No. 60, 2002 SCC 59, 215 D.L.R. (4th) 577, 292 N.R. 1, J.E. 2002-1464, 163 O.A.C. 201, [2002] R.R.A. 679, 39 C.C.L.I. (3d) 1, [2002] I.L.R. I-4114, 25 M.V.R. (4th) 1, 115 A.C.W.S. (3d) 695; Taylor Made Advertising Ltd. v. Atlific Inc. (2012), 111 O.R. (3d) 221, [2012] O.J. No. 2914, 2012 ONCA 459, 294 O.A.C. 286, 25 C.P.C. (7th) 219, 351 D.L.R. (4th) 542, 216 A.C.W.S. (3d) 85

Statutes referred to

Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 138

Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8, s. 258(14)

Limitations Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c. 24, Sch. B [as am.]

Rules and regulations referred to

Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 194, rules 5, 6, 26, 26.02(c)

Authorities referred to

Knutsen, Erik S., "Auto Insurance as Social Contract" (2011), 48 Alta. L. Rev. 715

APPEAL from the order of Matheson J. (2013), 117 O.R. (3d) 383, [2013] O.J. No. 4734, 2013 ONSC 6499 (S.C.J.) striking the claim against the respondent.

William G. Scott, for appellants.

George Kanellakos and Kevin Lasko, for respondent. [page563]

The judgment of the court was delivered by

1LAUWERS J.A.: — Jorge Leiva and Maria Leiva were passengers in Teodoro Abarca's car when it collided with the car operated by Sandra Vargas. Ms. Vargas is insured by Wawanesa Mutual Insurance Company, but in the circumstances she is potentially underinsured. The Leivas' insurer for the purpose of underinsured automobile coverage is Economical Mutual Insurance Company.

2The motion judge ordered that para. 12 of the Leivas' statement of claim, in which they claimed underinsured automobile coverage from Economical Mutual, be struck out. The effect of doing so was to potentially deprive the Leivas of up to $800,000 in insurance coverage, which is the difference between the limited proceeds of $200,000 that the Leivas might be able to access from Wawanesa and the underinsured automobile coverage of $1 million they purchased from Economical Mutual.

3The motion judge concluded this was the appropriate consequence for what she found to be an abuse of process committed by the Leivas' lawyer.

4For the reasons set out below, I would allow the Leivas' appeal. The unreasonable result of the motion judge's order, which risked the elimination of the Leivas' underinsured automobile coverage, is disproportionate to the abuse of process that it seeks to punish. Further, the decision is not consistent with the principles by which the Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 194 ("ROCP") are to be interpreted and applied, or with the principles underpinning motor vehicle accident insurance law.

5Since the fresh evidence application establishes that the Leivas released all claims to statutory accident benefits ("SABs") from Economical Mutual, I would dismiss as moot the appeal from the motion judge's decision striking the paragraphs of the statement of claim related to SABs.

A. Background Facts

Background Facts

6The accident happened in the Town of Innisfil on August 26, 2007. The allegation is that Ms. Vargas ran a red light at a high rate of speed and collided with Mr. Abarca's car. The Leivas and the other plaintiffs, Magaly Abarca and Brunilda Munoz, were Mr. Abarca's passengers.

7The coverage limit under Ms. Vargas' policy with Wawanesa is $1 million. Wawanesa took an off-coverage position against Ms. Vargas on the basis that her licence was suspended when the accident occurred. If Wawanesa's off-coverage position [page564] is sustained at trial, its insurance payment on Ms. Vargas' behalf will be limited to the statutory minimum limit for automobile liability insurance of $200,000. This payment would be allocated to the various claimants on a pro rata basis.

8The Leivas' insurance policy with Economical Mutual includes underinsured automobile coverage in the form of the OPCF 44R Family Protection Coverage endorsement, which obliges Economical Mutual to respond if the defendant Ms. Vargas is underinsured. In the circumstances of this case, Economical Mutual's obligation is only triggered if Wawanesa's off-coverage position is ultimately determined to be valid and the various claims against Ms. Vargas exceed $200,000.

B. Procedural History

Procedural History

9The Leivas' counsel started a tort action against the responsible driver, Ms. Vargas,¹ on behalf of the Abarcas and the Leivas in Newmarket, which is the judicial district where the accident took place.

10When Wawanesa took an off-coverage position with respect to Ms. Vargas, it had itself added to the Newmarket action as a statutory third party under s. 258(14) of the Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8.

11In September 2010, the Leivas' counsel brought a motion in writing, without notice, for a court order "granting leave to amend the Statement of Claim by adding Wawanesa Mutual Insurance Company and Economical Insurance Group as party defendants". This would allow the Leivas to access the underinsured automobile coverage from Economical Mutual, if necessary. The potential application of the Limitations Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c. 24, Sch. B to bar the claim against Economical Mutual was in issue because the accident had occurred in August 2007. In the notice of motion, counsel therefore asserted that he relied on the "Discoverability Rule as my office only learned of the defendant, Vargas' licence suspension on March 22, 2010."

12The motion came before Quinlan J. on October 1, 2010 as a "basket motion", to be handled in writing in chambers along with other administrative orders, consent orders and so on. She refused the Leivas' motion, stating in her endorsement that "the statutory limitation period, subject to discoverability, has [page565] expired. This motion is to be brought in open Court on notice to the parties and proposed [defendants]."

13Counsel did not pursue the motion in the Newmarket action on notice to Wawanesa and Economical Mutual, despite Quinlan J.'s direction. Instead, he started a new action in Toronto on May 9, 2011. The Toronto statement of claim largely duplicated the Newmarket pleading, but added three parties: Brunilda Munoz, another passenger in the Abarca car, as a plaintiff; Wawanesa, as the defendant responsible for the Abarcas' underinsured automobile coverage; and Economical Mutual, as the defendant responsible for the Leivas' underinsured automobile coverage.

14After some skirmishing, Economical Mutual brought the motion that is the subject of this appeal. The other defendants named in the Toronto action did not join Economical Mutual's motion.

C. The Decision under Appeal

The Decision under Appeal

15The motion judge found that it was an abuse of process for the Leivas to start a separate action in Toronto against Economical Mutual instead of bringing a motion on notice to add it as a defendant in the Newmarket action. She struck out the Leivas' claim against Economical Mutual for underinsured automobile coverage, taking the view that this court's decision in Maynes v. Allen-Vanguard Technologies Inc., [2011] O.J. No. 644, 2011 ONCA 125 was the ruling precedent.

16Since Economical Mutual was the only defendant that moved for relief against the Toronto action, the motion judge's decision left two lawsuits pending related to the car accident: one in Newmarket and the other in Toronto. In due course, the Superior Court will be required to determine the place of the trial at the instance of one of the parties.

17The most significant result of the motion judge's order, from the Leivas' perspective, is the potential loss of their OPCF 44R underinsured automobile coverage from Economical Mutual by the operation of the limitation period.

D. The Positions of the Parties

The Positions of the Parties

18The Leivas argue that it was not an abuse of process for them to start the Toronto action against Economical Mutual as their insurer for the purpose of underinsured automobile coverage. In their view, doing so was a legitimate alternative to moving on notice to add Economical Mutual to the Newmarket action. Even if starting the Toronto action was technically an abuse of process, they argue that the motion judge did not pay [page566] due regard to the principles underlying the ROCP, and that the order to strike was a disproportionate punishment. The Leivas concede the fresh evidence shows they settled their SABs claim.

19Economical Mutual argues the Leivas should have brought a motion on notice to add it as a defendant in the Newmarket action under rule 26.02(c) of the ROCP, as directed by Quinlan J. Economical Mutual's position is that the appellants improperly circumvented this rule by starting the Toronto action, and deprived it of the advantage of the onus under rule 26.02(c), which requires the moving party to persuade the court that adding the new party is necessary. Economical Mutual submits that the motion judge properly struck out the Leivas' claim against it as an abuse of process, consistent with this court's decision in Maynes.

E. Analysis

Analysis

20I agree with the motion judge that the Leivas abused the court's process by disregarding Quinlan J.'s direction to bring the motion on notice in the Newmarket action, but I do not agree that starting a new action was necessarily abusive, as I explain below. More importantly, the motion judge's decision left the Leivas to pursue adding Economical Mutual to the Newmarket action, which put them at risk of losing their underinsured automobile coverage by operation of the limitation period. This result was not, in my opinion, consistent with the principles by which the ROCP are to be interpreted and applied, nor with the principles underpinning motor vehicle accident insurance law. Further, this result was not compelled by this court's decision in Maynes. I consider each of these points in turn.

(1) Failing to follow Quinlan J.'s direction was an abuse of the court's process

Failing to follow Quinlan J.'s direction was an abuse of the court's process

21Case law offers many examples of the various ways parties can abuse the court's process. The cases commonly involve the use of the court's process in a way that "would be manifestly unfair to a party to the litigation before it or would in some other way bring the administration of justice into disrepute" (Behn v. Moulton Contracting Ltd., [2013] 2 S.C.R. 227, [2013] S.C.J. No. 26, 2013 SCC 26, at para. 40, quoting Goudge J.A., in dissent, in Canam Enterprises Inc. v. Coles (2000), 2000 CanLII 8514 (ON CA), 51 O.R. (3d) 481, [2000] O.J. No. 4607 (C.A.), at para. 55). The motion judge, quite fairly in my view, took umbrage at what she considered to be counsel's cavalier and recalcitrant attitude, which extended to his explanation for his actions (paras. 2(e), 8). She did not err in [page567] finding that the Leivas had abused the court's process by failing to follow the direction set by Quinlan J.

(2) Starting the new action was not an abuse of the court's process

Starting the new action was not an abuse of the court's process

22However, the motion judge erred in finding that, absent the direction by Quinlan J., it was an abuse of process for the Leivas to start a new lawsuit against Economical Mutual in relation to the underinsured automobile coverage issue, for the reasons that follow.

23Automobile accident claims can be quite complex. Factual complexities, legal complexities and procedural complexities all interrelate. These inherent complexities make automobile accident lawsuits a case management task for the trial courts. They must corral the lawsuits and the lawyers, set a common venue and marshal into logical order the pre-trial steps in order to get the related cases to trial in the manner that best responds to the circumstances, the fair application of s. 138 of the Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43 ("CJA") and the joinder rules.

24In cases involving two or more motor vehicles, the factual complexities can accumulate quickly. There are different parties and can be different insurers, all of whom have a legitimate stake, and who are represented by different lawyers. This often leads to multiple lawsuits about the same set of occurrences. In many cases, the full range of potential claims is not entirely clear at the outset and almost invariably evolves. The evolution of the Leivas' claims against the various defendants in both the Newmarket and Toronto actions is not unusual.

25The legal complexities stem from the intersection of tort law, contract law and insurance law, which can also lead to multiple lawsuits. The procedural complexities build on the factual and legal complexities. While the tort claim frequently takes pride of place, the public policy considerations and the different procedural paths for obtaining SABs also play a role. This leads to lawsuits and claims procedures that are related but can be out of sequence.

26Because the parties are obliged to mediate SABs claims before bringing an action, the timing of any Financial Services Commission of Ontario dispute resolution process from the beginning to the end can be completely out of sync with the tort action. Consequently, it is impractical and unnecessary, from the timing standpoint, for the court to insist that any lawsuit over SABs must always be joined with the related tort action. To the extent that the motion judge's decision implies such mandatory joinder, it is incorrect. [page568]

27In view of the fairly advanced state of progress of the Newmarket action, in my opinion it would have been appropriate, and therefore not abusive, for the Leivas to start a new lawsuit against Economical Mutual alone in relation to the underinsured automobile coverage issue.

(3) The penalty is disproportionately prejudicial to the appellants

The penalty is disproportionately prejudicial to the appellants

28I agree with the motion judge that, having concluded the Leivas committed an abuse of process, her next task was to determine the appropriate remedy. The abuse of process to be sanctioned was the Leivas' failure to follow the direction of Quinlan J.

29There is no law supporting the conclusion that an abuse of process must lead inevitably to the dismissal of the associated claim. In each case, the court must assess the gravity of the abuse in determining the severity of its response, bearing in mind the principle of proportionality. This approach is not surprising, since instances of abuse of process fall across the spectrum from egregiously contemptuous conduct to relatively minor breaches of procedural rules. In view of my finding that starting an action against Economical Mutual was not abusive, I would place the Leivas' disregard of Quinlan J.'s direction towards the minor end of this spectrum.

30In considering how it will respond to an abuse of its process, the court should take into account the entire litigation context of the matter in issue. With respect, the motion judge failed to do so in this case. The abuse at issue in this case was minor. The motion judge made an error in principle by failing to fully consider and balance the parties' competing interests in light of the degree of that abuse.

(i) The full litigation context

The full litigation context

31The underlying motion in this case had special saliency because of Economical Mutual's possible limitation defence. This issue was raised by the Leivas' counsel and noted by the motion judge, at para. 17, but she appears to have disregarded it in crafting the remedy.

32Some of the steam may have gone out of this issue with the release of this court's decision in Schmitz (Litigation guardian of) v. Lombard General Insurance Co. of Canada (2014), 118 O.R. (3d) 694, [2014] O.J. No. 531, 2014 ONCA 88, at para. 20, where it was determined that the applicable limitation period only starts to run the day after a demand for indemnity is made. I note that the precise application of Schmitz to the [page569] facts in this case was not fully argued by the parties, and counsel asserts that some uncertainty remains.

33The impact of a limitation defence on the plaintiff is one of the burdens to be balanced by the court in considering how it should respond to an abuse of process. In my view, the motion judge did not give due consideration to this factor in striking the Leivas' claim for underinsured automobile coverage.

(ii) The penalty is not consistent with the principles of the ROCP

34The general objectives of the ROCP reflect a balancing approach, as this court explained in 1196158 Ontario Inc. v. 6274013 Canada Ltd. (2012), 112 O.R. (3d) 67, [2012] O.J. No. 3877, 2012 ONCA 544. This court has taken a similar balancing approach to the application of s. 138 of the CJA, which provides that the multiplicity of legal proceedings should be avoided. While the provisions of the ROCP related to joinder, consolidation and pleading amendments (Rules 5, 6 and 26) reflect a preference for minimizing the number of proceedings related to a particular claim, this court has not interpreted s. 138 of the CJA as inevitably requiring dismissal of an action where a party has not complied rigorously with the section. See Taylor Made Advertising Ltd. v. Atlific Inc. (2012), 111 O.R. (3d) 221, [2012] O.J. No. 2914, 2012 ONCA 459, at para. 36.

35In striking the Leivas' claim against Economical Mutual, the motion judge failed to balance the technical procedural requirements of the ROCP and the CJA in the interests of justice.

(iii) The penalty is not consistent with insurance law principles

The penalty is not consistent with insurance law principles

36In seeking to balance the respective interests of the parties in the circumstances, the court must advert to the interests at stake in the underlying action -- in this case, to insurance principles. In my view, the motion judge failed to give due consideration to this requirement. Automobile insurance is well understood to be a form of consumer protection. The Supreme Court of Canada has endorsed the observation of Professor Craig Brown that "[i]n one way or another, much of insurance law has as an objective the protection of customers" (Smith v. Co-operators General Insurance Co., [2002] 2 S.C.R. 129, [2002] S.C.J. No. 34, 2002 SCC 30, at para. 11).

37Automobile insurance policies are, consequently, more than mere commercial contracts. The entire regulatory structure of automobile insurance has become part of the social contract, and forms "part of an integral social safety net that attempts to [page570] balance economic feasibility with sound risk management principles for not just drivers and partner insurers, but anyone injured by an automobile accident" (Erik Knutsen, "Auto Insurance as Social Contract" (2011), 48 Alta. L. Rev. 715, at 716-17, 739).

38The automobile insurance system has recognized that some drivers will inevitably be uninsured or underinsured, and that this risk too must be accommodated. Underinsured automobile coverage began in Ontario in 1981 in an effort to provide "financial relief for insureds and their families from the hardships and inequities of any shortfalls in insurance compensation" (Despotopoulos v. Jackson, [1991] O.J. No. 1472, [1992] I.L.R. Â1-2793 at 1645 (Gen. Div.), at para. 8, affd sub nom. Romas v. Prudential Insurance Co. of Canada, [1996] O.J. No. 4185 (C.A.)). This court further explained the purpose of this type of coverage in Beausoleil v. Canadian General Insurance Co. (1992), 1992 CanLII 8679 (ON CA), 8 O.R. (3d) 754, [1992] O.J. No. 954 (C.A.) [at para. 9]:

The responsible citizen insures himself for the amount he considers adequate and expects other motorists to do the same. He obtains the special endorsement (and pays the additional premium) to insure himself against the eventuality of an injury caused by an irresponsible motorist who has not so conducted himself.

39Unlike uninsured automobile coverage, which is a statutory entitlement, underinsured automobile coverage is created by contract between the insurer and the insured. The OPCF 44R endorsement provides a back-up source of liability coverage, and entitles the injured policyholder to claim against his or her own insurer for the compensatory damages he or she is "legally entitled to recover" from the inadequately insured, at-fault driver (Chomos v. Economical Mutual Insurance Co. (2002), 2002 CanLII 45021 (ON CA), 61 O.R. (3d) 28, [2002] O.J. No. 3164 (C.A.), at para. 22).

40By buying underinsured automobile coverage from Economical Mutual, the Leivas were behaving as responsible motorists seeking to protect themselves and others. The corollary of the insurance principles at issue, particularly the objective of consumer protection, is that the Leivas should only be deprived of this coverage for the very gravest of reasons.

(4) Conclusions on balancing the interests of the parties

Conclusions on balancing the interests of the parties

41While I agree with the motion judge that, by evading the direction in Quinlan J.'s endorsement, the Leivas abused the court's process, the motion judge erred in principle by failing to fully consider and balance the competing interests of the parties before striking the claim against Economical Mutual. With [page571] respect, the Leivas' minor abuse of process does not justify the potential loss of underinsured coverage.

42The potential loss of this coverage by operation of the limitation period could be catastrophic for the Leivas. By contrast, aside from the legal fees associated with the two proceedings, which could be compensated by a costs award, there is no real prejudice to Economical Mutual in being obliged to provide the underinsured insurance coverage for which the Leivas paid.

43As the Supreme Court observed in Somersall v. Friedman, [2002] 3 S.C.R. 109, [2002] S.C.J. No. 60, 2002 SCC 59, at para. 74, the court leans away from a result "that would grant the insurer a windfall in escaping its presumed obligations while depriving the insured of the amount she would have expected to have been paid to her in the normal course of business".

44The principles by which the ROCP are to be interpreted and applied and the principles underlying automobile accident insurance law suggest that the Leivas' potential loss of underinsured automobile coverage is disproportionate to the minor abuse of process. The balance plainly favours the Leivas, not Economical Mutual, and the motion judge erred in failing to take this into account.

45In my view, cost consequences would strike the appropriate balance in the circumstances.

(5) Maynes is not the ruling precedent

Maynes is not the ruling precedent

46The motion judge concluded that, in principle, this court's decision in Maynes was on all fours with the motion before her. With respect, I disagree.

47In Maynes, the plaintiffs were senior executives of Med-Eng Systems Inc. They acquired shares in Med-Eng through the company's stock option plan. Med-Eng was entitled under certain circumstances to repurchase these shares. When Med-Eng exercised the share repurchase option, the plaintiffs claimed that the repurchases were invalid. Mr. Maynes and Mr. Robichaud collectively started an action against Med-Eng and its directors in 2006, while Mr. Gingrich did so in 2007, seeking declaratory relief and an order directing Med-Eng to repurchase their shares at a price equal to fair market value.

48Later in 2007, Med-Eng was the subject of a successful takeover bid by Allen-Vanguard Corporation ("AVC"). AVC offered to purchase the outstanding shares of certain Med-Eng shareholders holding a combined interest of 70 per cent of Med-Eng's stock (the offeree shareholders). The offeree shareholders accepted and compelled the minority shareholders to sell their shares to AVC. [page572]

49AVC then merged Med-Eng with one of its subsidiaries to form Allen-Vanguard Technologies Inc. An escrow fund was also established, to which AVC would have recourse if Med-Eng's representations or the representations of the offeree shareholders were incorrect. Otherwise, the escrow fund would be released to the Med-Eng shareholders who tendered their shares to AVC.

50After the close of pleadings in the original actions, the plaintiffs sought to combine their two actions and to add the offeree shareholders, AVC and the escrow agent as defendants. The prospective defendants refused to consent to being added. Instead of bringing a motion to add them with leave of the court under rule 26.02(c) of the ROCP, the plaintiffs started a new action against both the original and some additional defendants. This court affirmed the motion judge's decision that the new action constituted an abuse of process, and upheld the decision to strike both the plaintiffs' statement of claim in the new action and the plaintiffs' cross-motion seeking to join the new claim to the pre-existing actions.

51At paras. 36-46 of this court's decision, Weiler J.A. discussed the law relating to abuse of process. She found, at para. 46, that issuing the new statement of claim was an abuse of process "because it duplicates claims in the two Ongoing Actions with respect to the Original Defendants and undermines the integrity of the administration of justice by circumventing rule 26.02(c) with respect to the Added Defendants".

52There are a number of distinguishing features that, in my view, render Maynes an inapt decision to apply to this case. First, the Leivas seek relief from Economical Mutual that is distinct from the relief claimed against the other defendants. They assert a claim against Economical Mutual for underinsured automobile coverage, which they cannot assert against any of the original defendants. This was not the case in Maynes, where five of the six claims asserted in the plaintiffs' new action were "virtually identical" to the original claims, and the sixth claim was for declaratory relief alone. With respect to the new claim in Maynes for declaratory relief, this court relied on the principle that a court should refuse to grant a declaration when other remedies are available. This court also concluded that the sixth claim disclosed no reasonable cause of action. Here, the claim against Economical Mutual is not for declaratory relief alone, and there is no suggestion that the claim fails to disclose a reasonable cause of action.

53Second, the Toronto action involved a claim against Economical Mutual, which was not named as a defendant in the original Newmarket action. The Leivas point out that the claim [page573] against Economical Mutual had not even been discovered at the time the Newmarket action was commenced. By contrast, at para. 28 in Maynes, this court noted the motion judge's finding that "key representatives" of the new defendants were already involved in the original actions. Further, Med-Eng's successor corporation remained a defendant in the original action. In Maynes, the "new" defendants were not so new at all -- a fact that is not present in the appeal before the court.

54Third, there is a real possibility that the claim against Economical Mutual would be out of time if it were necessary to add it to the Newmarket action, a factor that I have found to be relevant to the motion judge's selection of a proportional remedy for the abuse of process in failing to follow the direction of Quinlan J. A limitations argument was also made in Maynes -- the plaintiffs justified commencing a new action on the basis that a "potential limitation period was approaching" (para. 30). But in Maynes, the significance of this fact would have been minimal given the court's conclusion that the sole new claim disclosed no reasonable cause of action. Moreover, there was no apparent risk that the plaintiffs in Maynes would not be able to recover from the original defendants if the new claim was struck. In contrast, the risk that the Leivas will experience a shortfall in insurance coverage -- the precise risk that they paid premiums to Economical Mutual to avoid -- is very real.

55I do not quarrel in the slightest with the legal principles discussed in Maynes, but they do not compel the result reached by the motion judge.

F. Disposition

Disposition

56I would allow the appeal and set aside para. 1 of the motion judge's order. This will leave the two actions in place. The parties will eventually have to determine the location of the trial, which will then affect the case management process.

57The parties submitted that the costs for the appeal should be $9,000 in total for the victor, with the motion costs of $6,700 following the result in this court.

58In my view, as a form of penalty for the Leivas' abuse of process, they should not recover the costs of the motion in the court below. I would therefore decline to set aside para. 2 of the motion judge's order. For the same reason, I would not award the Leivas the costs of this appeal.

Appeal allowed.

Notes

1 The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company was also named as a defendant because Jorge Leiva had filed a claim for long-term disability benefits under a policy that does not appear to be related to any motor vehicle. It plays no role in this decision.

End of Document