Shah et al. v. Becamon et al. [Indexed as: Shah v. Becamon]
94 O.R. (3d) 297
Court of Appeal for Ontario,
Laskin, MacPherson and R.P. Armstrong JJ.A.
February 6, 2009
Estoppel -- Issue estoppel -- Defendant striking pedestrian while driving alone contrary to terms of her G1 driver's licence -- Defendant pleading guilty to Highway Traffic Act charge of driving without being accompanied by qualified driver -- Insurer refusing to defend or indemnify defendant in civil action brought by insurer on ground that she was not "authorized by law" to drive as required by Statutory Condition 4(1) of standard automobile policy -- Defendant's guilty plea not constituting admission that she was not "authorized by law" to drive which bound court in civil action on basis of issue estoppel or res judicata.
Highways -- Definition -- Parking lot of small strip mall not constituting "highway" within definition in s. 1(1) of Highway Traffic Act -- Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8, s. 1(1).
Insurance -- Automobile insurance -- Insurer's duty to defend -- Defendant striking pedestrian in parking lot of strip mall while driving alone contrary to terms of her G1 driver's licence -- Defendant pleading guilty to Highway Traffic Act charge of driving without being accompanied by qualified driver -- Insurer refusing to defend or indemnify defendant in civil action brought by insurer on ground that she was not "authorized by law" to drive as required by Statutory Condition 4(1) of standard automobile policy -- Defendant's guilty plea not constituting admission that she was not "authorized by law" to drive which bound court in civil action on basis of issue estoppel or res judicata -- Parking lot not constituting "highway" within definition in s. 1(1) of Highway Traffic Act -- Defendant not in breach of statutory condition -- Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8, s. 1(1).
The defendant struck the plaintiff in the parking lot of a small strip mall. Contrary to the terms of her G1 driver's licence, she was not accompanied by a licensed driver at the time. She pleaded guilty to the Highway Traffic Act ("HTA") offence of driving without being accompanied by a qualified driver and paid a small fine. In the plaintiff's civil action, the insurer refused to defend or indemnify the defendant on the basis that she had violated her G1 licence restriction by driving alone, which amounted to a breach of Statutory Condition 4(1) in the standard Ontario Automobile Policy. The defendant sought a declaration that the insurer had a duty to defend and indemnify her. The trial judge found that the [page298] defendant's guilty plea to the HTA charge did not constitute an admission that her conduct was not "authorized by law" within the meaning of Statutory Condition 4(1) and did not bind the court in the civil action on the basis of issue estoppel or res judicata. The trial judge also found that the parking lot in the strip mall was not a "highway" within the definition set out in s. 1(1) of the HTA. The insurer appealed.
Held, the appeal should be dismissed.
Evidence of a prior conviction affords only prima facie proof of guilt in subsequent civil proceedings. The presumption is rebuttable in the civil proceeding where relitigation of the issue that gave rise to the guilty plea in the criminal proceeding does not constitute an abuse of process. Fairness may dictate that the original result should not be binding in the new context. In this case, the stakes in the defendant's guilty plea were not high, while the stakes in the civil action were potentially very high. The defendant was not represented by counsel in the HTA proceedings and had problems with the English language. Fairness dictated that the original result should not be binding in the civil action.
The trial judge did not err in finding that the strip mall parking lot was not a "highway" within the definition set out in s. 1(1) of the HTA. Although the parking lot was used by some drivers as a shortcut, both the intended use and the actual use were overwhelmingly as a parking lot for customers. The evidence did not come close to meeting the high threshold for a finding that the public had acquired prescriptive rights to the parking lot, thereby making it a "highway".
APPEAL from the order of Jarvis J. of the Superior Court of Justice dated June 8, 2007 that the insurer was required to defend and indemnify the insured in a civil action.
Cases referred to Gill v. Elwood, 1969 CanLII 215 (ON CA), [1970] 2 O.R. 59, [1969] O.J. No. 1557, 9 D.L.R. (3d) 681 (C.A.); R. v. Mansour, 1979 CanLII 46 (SCC), [1979] 2 S.C.R. 916, [1979] S.C.J. No. 77, 101 D.L.R. (3d) 545, 27 N.R. 476, 47 C.C.C. (2d) 129, 2 M.V.R. 1; Toronto (City) v. C.U.P.E., Local 79, [2003] 3 S.C.R. 77, [2003] S.C.J. No. 64, 2003 SCC 63, 232 D.L.R. (4th) 385, 311 N.R. 201, J.E. 2003-2108, 179 O.A.C. 291, [2003] CLLC Â220-071, 17 C.R. (6th) 276, REJB 2003-49439, 59 W.C.B. (2d) 334, 120 L.A.C. (4th) 225, apld Other cases referred to Del Core and Ontario College of Pharmacists (Re) (1985), 1985 CanLII 119 (ON CA), 51 O.R. (2d) 1, [1985] O.J. No. 2548, 19 D.L.R. (4th) 68, 10 O.A.C. 57, 15 Admin. L.R. 227, 31 A.C.W.S. (2d) 411 (C.A.); Ebare v. Winter, 2005 CanLII 247 (ON CA), [2005] O.J. No. 14, 193 O.A.C. 174, 26 R.P.R. (4th) 220, 136 A.C.W.S. (3d) 384 (C.A.); Henderson v. Volk (1982), 1982 CanLII 1744 (ON CA), 35 O.R. (2d) 379, [1982] O.J. No. 3138, 132 D.L.R. (3d) 690, 13 A.C.W.S. (2d) 110 (C.A.) Statutes referred to Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8, s. 1(1) Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8 Rules and regulations referred to Statutory Conditions -- Automobile Insurance, O. Reg. 777/93, rule 4(1)
Donald G. Cormack and Derek V. Abreu, for appellant. Donald J. Ross and Heather Gray, for respondent. [page299]
The judgment of the court was delivered by
MACPHERSON J.A.: --
A. Introduction
1The Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8 ("HTA") is a comprehensive statute regulating drivers and vehicles in Ontario. The anchor of the statute is, as its title suggests, "highways". The purpose of the statute is the regulation of drivers and vehicles with a view to protecting the travelling public who use the highways.
2This appeal poses two questions relating to the interpretation of the HTA. Is a parking lot in a small strip mall a "highway" within the definition set out in s. 1(1) of the HTA? If a person pleads guilty to offences under the HTA, do the factual admissions that ground the pleas bind a court, in a subsequent civil trial, on the basis of issue estoppel or res judicata? Justice Peter Jarvis of the Superior Court of Justice answered both questions "No". The appellant insurance company appeals from his judgment.
B. Facts
(1) The parties and events
3On December 19, 2000, Bethily Becamon drove from her home to a small strip mall located at 336 Wilson Avenue in Toronto. Becamon possessed a G1 licence. A condition of the licence was that she had to be accompanied by a fully licensed driver with at least four years' driving experience in the seat beside her.
4Becamon chose (for the first time) to drive alone, in clear contravention of her licence. She drove several kilometres on Toronto streets and eventually entered the strip mall. She attempted to park her vehicle, but stepped on the gas pedal instead of the brake. The vehicle mounted the sidewalk and hit a pedestrian, Mian Daud Shah, in front of the Bagel World store.
5Shah sued Becamon for damages resulting from injuries sustained in the accident.
6Prior to the accident, Becamon obtained automobile insurance from Wawanesa Mutual Insurance Company ("Wawanesa") pursuant to a standard Ontario Automobile Policy. Statutory Conditions -- Automobile Insurance, O. Reg. 777/93 under the Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8 sets out statutory conditions that are a part of every insurance policy. Statutory Condition 4(1) provides: [page300]
4(1) The insured shall not drive or operate or permit any other person to drive or operate the automobile unless the insured or other person is authorized by law to drive or operate it. (Emphasis added)
7At the scene of the accident, Becamon was charged under the HTA with the offences of driving in contravention of conditions (she was not wearing her prescription glasses) and driving without being accompanied by a qualified driver. She pleaded guilty to these charges on January 8, 2001 and paid a $105 fine for each offence.
8In the civil action, Wawanesa refused to defend or indemnify Becamon on the basis that she had violated her G1 licence restriction by driving alone, which in turn amounted to a breach of the "authorized by law" component of Statutory Condition 4(1). Thus, Wawanesa's position was that the limit of its policy coverage for the accident caused by its client Becamon was $200,000, not the $1 million that would have been in play had Becamon been authorized to drive alone when the accident occurred.
9Becamon brought a third-party action against Wawanesa seeking a declaration that Wawanesa had a duty to defend and indemnify her in the main action.
(2) The trial judgment
10The trial judge granted the declaration sought by Becamon. In so doing, he rejected Wawanesa's two main arguments.
11First, Wawanesa contended that Becamon's guilty plea to the HTA charge of violating her G1 licence restriction by driving alone constituted an admission that her conduct was not authorized by law on the day of the accident. It followed that the doctrines of issue estoppel and res judicata precluded Becamon from arguing to the contrary in the civil trial with respect to the words "authorized by law" in Statutory Condition 4(1) of the insurance policy.
12The trial judge did not accept this submission. He stated:
There was no evidence to show whether Ms. Becamon was represented by counsel. In addition, Ms. Becamon has obvious problems with the English language. It would be unfair for me to assign weight to guilty pleas in determining the coverage and statutory condition issue.
13Second, Wawanesa argued that the strip mall was a "highway" within the definition set out in s. 1(1) of the HTA, thus triggering Becamon's non-compliance with the "authorized by law" component of Statutory Condition 4(1) of the insurance policy. Section 1(1) of the HTA provides: [page301]
1(1) In this Act,
"highway" includes a common and public highway, street, avenue, parkway, driveway, square, place, bridge, viaduct or trestle, any part of which is intended for or used by the general public for the passage of vehicles and includes the area between the lateral property lines thereof; ("voie publique")
14The trial judge rejected this argument. He reasoned:
Ms. Becamon entered the mall deliberately and loss of control or negligence occurred entirely on private property and the Highway Traffic Act can have no application. That is to say Ms. Becamon did not require the authority in law to drive in that place at that time, therefore, it cannot be said to have been a breach of the statutory condition.
15Wawanesa appeals the trial judge's judgment.
C. Issues
16The appellant advances two issues on the appeal: (1) The trial judge erred by concluding that Becamon's guilty pleas to the HTA offences did not constitute issue estoppel or res judicata in the civil action relating to the accident; and (2) the trial judge erred by concluding that the accident did not take place on a "highway" as currently defined in the Highway Traffic Act.
D. Analysis
(1) The issue estoppel/res judicata issue
17Becamon pleaded guilty to two offences under the HTA, one of which was violating her G1 licence restriction by driving alone. The appellant submits that in light of these guilty pleas, Becamon admitted that she was not authorized by law to drive. Accordingly, she was estopped from taking a contrary position at the trial in this civil action.
18Evidence of a prior conviction affords only prima facie proof of guilt in subsequent civil proceedings: see Re Del Core and Ontario College of Pharmacists (1985), 1985 CanLII 119 (ON CA), 51 O.R. (2d) 1, [1985] O.J. No. 2548 (C.A.). The presumption is rebuttable in the civil proceeding where relitigation of the issue that gave rise to the guilty plea in the criminal proceeding does not constitute an abuse of process: see Toronto (City) v. C.U.P.E., Local 79, 2003 SCC 63, [2003] 3 S.C.R. 77, [2003] S.C.J. No. 64 ("C.U.P.E.").
19In C.U.P.E., Arbour J. enunciated the need to strike a balance between finality and fairness and provided illustrations pointing towards the fairness side of the scales, at paras. 52 and 53: [page302]
[F]rom the system's point of view, relitigation carries serious detrimental effects and should be avoided unless the circumstances dictate that relitigation is in fact necessary to enhance the credibility and the effectiveness of the adjudicative process as a whole. There may be instances where relitigation will enhance, rather than impeach, the integrity of the judicial system, for example: ...(3) when fairness dictates that the original result should not be binding in the new context. . . .
The discretionary factors that apply to prevent the doctrine of issue estoppel from operating in an unjust or unfair way are equally available to prevent the doctrine of abuse of process from achieving a similar undesirable result. There are many circumstances in which the bar against relitigation, either through the doctrine of res judicata or that of abuse of process, would create unfairness. If, for instance, the stakes of the original proceeding were too minor to generate a full and robust response, while the subsequent stakes were considerable, fairness would dictate that the administration of justice would be better served by permitting the second proceeding to go forward than by insisting that finality should prevail. (Emphasis added)
20The two emphasized sentences in this passage support the trial judge's decision not to apply the doctrines of issue estoppel and res judicata in this case. The stakes in Becamon's guilty pleas for the two HTA offences were not high; she did not have to become involved in protracted legal proceedings and she paid relatively small fines. On the other hand, the stakes in the present civil action, which will probably be long, complex and costly, are much greater -- compensation potentially in the hundreds of thousands of dollars for an innocent pedestrian. In my view, this dichotomy of process and consequences suggests that, in the words of Arbour J. in C.U.P.E. [at para. 52], "fairness dictates that the original result should not be binding in the new context".
21In addition, I record my agreement with two of the factors mentioned by the trial judge -- the likelihood that Becamon was not represented by counsel in relation to her guilty pleas on the HTA charges and her difficulties with the English language.
22The appellant contends that the latter point was an unsubstantiated inference. I disagree. The trial record discloses that Becamon testified with the assistance of a Tagalog interpreter. Moreover, when the interpreter did not show up on the second day of the trial, counsel were concerned and worked cooperatively to place a proper record of testimony and documents before the trial judge. Thus, the trial judge's conclusion was supported by both his own observation and the circumstances surrounding Becamon's testimony. [page303]
(2) The parking lot as a "highway"
23The entire HTA, including the graduated licensing system, is limited to "highways". Thus, the essential question on this appeal, in terms of determining whether Becamon's driving in the strip mall was "authorized by law", is whether or not, when the accident occurred, Becamon was driving on a "highway".
24For convenience, I set out again the definition of "highway" in the HTA:
"highway" includes a common and public highway, street, avenue, parkway, driveway, square, place, bridge, viaduct or trestle, any part of which is intended for or used by the general public for the passage of vehicles and includes the area between the lateral property lines thereof; ("voie publique") (Emphasis added)
25The trial judge concluded that the accident took place on private property, not a highway. In so doing, he relied extensively on two decisions, Gill v. Elwood, 1969 CanLII 215 (ON CA), [1970] 2 O.R. 59, [1969] O.J. No. 1557 (C.A.) and R. v. Mansour, 1979 CanLII 46 (SCC), [1979] 2 S.C.R. 916, [1979] S.C.J. No. 77.
26Gill v. Elwood is a case very similar to the present appeal. It involved a small mall with an entrance, exit and marked parking spaces. This court held that the premises were not a highway. Aylesworth J.A. said, at pp. 59-60 O.R.:
Something first we think should be said about the nature of the premises which it is sought to be made a highway or part of the highway and the use thereof. The premises involved consist of a large area upon which are delineated ways or routes, including an exit and an entrance and in which are delineated spaces for parking of vehicles. The people invited to park are not the public as a whole, but the people who have business to transact with the stores surrounding the parking space. Thus the premises involved are of a composite nature and in our view in deciding the applicability or non- applicability to those premises of the Act, one is not permitted to cut up the premises as it were into various parcels and minutely analyse the particular uses of the particular parcels. On the contrary, in our view, and realistically the premises must be viewed as a whole and so viewing the premises the paramount use thereof will emerge as a parking lot with ingress and egress to and fro and with passages within it, but all subordinate to the paramount use of parking vehicles. (Emphasis added)
27In Mansour, the Supreme Court of Canada embarked upon a similar analysis and reached a parallel conclusion. Estey J.A. stated, at p. 921 S.C.R.:
I conclude that the term "highway" in its ordinary and popular sense and as illustrated by the words employed in s. 1(1)11 of the Act does not embrace the concept of a parking lot, and particularly, a parking lot adjacent to an [page304] apartment building, and presumably one which was established primarily for the provision of parking to its inhabitants. (Emphasis added)
28There is no doubt that "the paramount use" test from Gill v. Elwood and the "established primarily for" formulation in Mansour support the trial judge's conclusion that the strip mall parking lot, although used for some thru-traffic from Wilson Avenue to Bathurst Street, was essentially a private parking lot for the customers of the stores in the mall.
29On appeal, the appellant attempts to overcome the trial judge's conclusion with three submissions.
30First, the appellant submits that Gill v. Elwood and Mansour should not govern because these cases were decided under a different definition of "highway" in the HTA. Unlike the definition in the HTA in force when these cases were decided in the 1970s, the current definition, after listing the various locations which can be a highway, including "square" and "place", continues with the new words "any part of which" is intended for or used by the general public for the passage of vehicles. The appellant contends that "a part" of the strip mall traffic area is regularly used by some drivers as a shortcut from Wilson Avenue to Bathurst Street; accordingly, this area is "a highway".
31I do not accept this interpretation. All of the locations that constitute a "highway" according to the definition found in the HTA are qualified by the adjectival phrase "common and public". These words govern the analysis, whether the location is being considered in its entirety or in part. In the present case, the evidence was clear; although the parking lot was used by some drivers as a shortcut, both the intended use and actual use were overwhelmingly as a parking area for customers. Accordingly, the trial judge was correct to state near the end of his reasons: "I am not convinced that Gill and Mansour are no longer the law of this province by virtue of the amendments to the definition of ["highway" in the] Highway Traffic Act in 1983."
32The appellant's second submission is that the public had acquired prescriptive rights to the parking lot in the strip mall, thereby making it a "highway".
33I disagree. The threshold for meeting the criteria for establishing a prescriptive right is high: see Henderson v. Volk (1982), 1982 CanLII 1744 (ON CA), 35 O.R. (2d) 379, [1982] O.J. No. 3138 (C.A.) and Ebare v. Winter, 2005 CanLII 247 (ON CA), [2005] O.J. No. 14, 26 R.P.R. (4th) 220 (C.A.). The evidence in this case does not come close to meeting this high [page305] threshold. I agree with the trial judge's analysis and conclusion that the strip mall parking lot was the private property of the various store owners.
34The appellant's third submission is that the trial judge's decision does not strike a proper balance between the "authorized by law" provision in its insurance policy and the intent of the legislature to promote public safety through the graduated licensing scheme. As expressed in its factum (para. 87): "The law should not be interpreted in a way where a driver can drive in [on Wilson Avenue] and out [the strip mall parking lot] of coverage through the course of the same trip."
35I disagree. The legislature has struck the balance explicitly -- the graduated licensing scheme applies to the operation of a motor vehicle on a "highway". Indeed, not surprisingly, the entire HTA applies to what its title foreshadows, highways.
E. Disposition
36I would dismiss the appeal. The respondent is entitled to its costs of the appeal which I would fix at $20,000, inclusive of disbursements and GST.
Appeal dismissed.
