Simison, a minor by his Litigation Guardian Wright et al. v. Catlyn et al. [Indexed as: Simison (Litigation guardian of) v. Catlyn]
73 O.R. (3d) 266
[2004] O.J. No. 3608
Court of Appeal for Ontario,
Goudge, Simmons and Juriansz JJ.A.
September 3, 2004
Insurance -- Automobile insurance -- Exclusions -- Insured's son injured while riding as passenger in stolen car -- Stolen vehicle not constituting "the automobile" as defined in insured's automobile insurance policy -- Second clause of para. 1.8.2 of Ontario Standard Automobile Policy referring to occupant of "an automobile" rather than to occupant of "the automobile" as defined in policy -- Paragraph 1.8.2 excluding coverage for claim by insured's son.
S was injured in a motor vehicle accident while riding as a passenger in a stolen car. S claimed damages against his mother's automobile insurer under the uninsured motorist provisions of the automobile insurance policy. The first clause of para. 1.8.2 of the Ontario Standard Automobile Policy ("OAP 1") provides: "Except for certain Accident Benefits coverage, there is no coverage (including coverage for occupants) under this policy if the automobile is used or operated by a person in possession of the automobile without the owner's consent or is driven by a person named as an excluded driver of the automobile." The second clause provides: "Except for certain Accident Benefits coverage, there is no coverage under this policy for an occupant of an automobile used or operated by a person in possession of the automobile without the owner's consent." The parties moved under Rule 22 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 194 to determine whether para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 excluded the claim for coverage. The motions judge answered the question in the negative. The insurer appealed.
Held, the appeal should be allowed.
"The automobile" is a defined term under the policy and did not encompass the vehicle in which S was riding at the time of the collision. However, the exclusion set out in the second clause of para. 1.8.2 is more general. It refers to an occupant of an automobile rather than to an occupant of "the automobile" as defined in the policy. Therefore, S's claim was excluded.
APPEAL from a judgment of Hoy J., dated August 6, 2003, on a motion to determine the meaning of an exclusion clause in an insurance policy.
Benjamin v. Al Islam (2000), 2000 22712 (ON SC), 51 O.R. (3d) 412, 8 M.V.R. (3d) 103 (S.C.J.), consd Other cases referred to Bell Express Vu Ltd. Partnership v. Rex, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 559, 100 B.C.L.R. (3d) 1, 212 D.L.R. (4th) 1, 287 N.R. 248, [2002] 5 W.W.R. 1, 93 C.R.R. (2d) 189, 18 C.P.R. (4th) 289, 2002 SCC 42, [2002] S.C.J. No. 43; Coombe v. Constitution Insurance Co. (1980), 1980 1715 (ON CA), 29 O.R. (2d) 729, 115 D.L.R. (3d) 499, [1980] I.L.R. para. 1-1278 (C.A.); Coombs v. Flavell (1988), 1988 4796 (ON CA), 64 O.R. (2d) 737, 27 O.A.C. 216, 50 D.L.R. (4th) 533, [1988] I.L.R. para. 1-2329, 6 M.V.R. (2d) 317 (C.A.) (sub nom. Riddell v. McClean); Fraczek v. Pascual (2003), 2003 21215 (ON CA), 64 O.R. (3d) 437, 226 D.L.R. (4th) 309, 50 E.T.R. (2d) 56, [2003] O.J. No. 1402 (C.A.); July v. Neal (1986), 1986 149 (ON CA), 57 O.R. (2d) 129, 17 O.A.C. 390, 32 D.L.R. (4th) 463, [1986] I.L.R. para. 1-2126, 12 C.P.C. (2d) 303, 44 M.V.R. 1 (C.A.); Pope v. Pope (1999), 1999 2278 (ON CA), 42 O.R. (3d) 514, 170 D.L.R. (4th) 89, 43 R.F.L. (4th) 209 (C.A.) (sub nom. MacNeill v. Pope); Reid Crowther & Partners Ltd. v. Simcoe & Erie General Insurance Co., 1993 150 (SCC), [1993] 1 S.C.R. 252, 83 Man. R. (2d) 81, 99 D.L.R. (4th) 741, 147 N.R. 44, 36 W.A.C. 81, [1993] 2 W.W.R. 433, [1993] I.L.R. para. 1-2914 [page267] Statutes referred to Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8 Rules and regulations referred to Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 194, Rule 22 Authorities referred to Sullivan, R., Driedger on the Construction of Statutes, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Butterworths, 1994)
William Zener, for appellant Western Assurance Co. Robert E. Seabrook, for respondent Troy Catlyn. William J. McCorriston and Gerry Gill, for respondents.
The judgment of the court was delivered by
SIMMONS J.A.: --
I. Overview
1In 1999, 14-year-old Alexander Simison ("Simison") was injured in a motor vehicle accident while riding as a passenger in a stolen car. Following the accident, Simison claimed damages against Western Assurance Company ("Western") under the uninsured motorist provisions of his mother's automobile insurance policy. On a motion by way of a special case to determine the meaning of an exclusion clause in the policy, Hoy J. determined that para. 1.8.2 does not exclude coverage under the policy for an occupant of a stolen vehicle. For the reasons that follow, I would allow Western's appeal from the motion judge's decision.
II. Background
2On April 23, 1999, Simison was a passenger in a stolen car that collided with another vehicle. In addition to suing the owners and drivers of the vehicles involved in the collision, Simison claimed damages for a severe closed head injury against Western under his mother's insurance policy. In accordance with the requirements of the Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8, his mother's policy was issued in a form approved by the Superintendent of Financial Services (the Ontario Standard Automobile Policy ("OAP 1")), and included mandatory uninsured motorist coverage. [page268]
3After the action was commenced, Simison and Western moved under Rule 22 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 194, and requested an opinion concerning whether para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 excludes Simison's claim for coverage. For the purposes of the motion, the parties agreed that the automobile in which Simison was riding at the time of the collision was stolen.
4Western submits that Simison's claim is excluded under the second clause of para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1, which is the italicized portion of para. 1.8.2 set out below:
1.8.2 Excluded Drivers and Driving Without Permission
Except for certain Accident Benefits coverage, there is no coverage (including coverage for occupants) under this policy if the automobile is used or operated by a person in possession of the automobile without the owner' s consent or is driven by a person named as an excluded driver of the automobile.
Except for certain Accident Benefits coverage, there is no coverage under this policy for an occupant of an automobile used or operated by a person in possession of the automobile without the owner's consent.
(Emphasis added)
5In order to understand the parties' positions, it is important to note that "the automobile" is a defined term under the policy and that it would not encompass the vehicle in which Simison was riding at the time of the collision. In particular, OAP 1 differentiates between "a described automobile" (the automobile specifically shown on the certificate of insurance), and "the automobile". By definition "the automobile" includes "a described automobile", and also a newly acquired automobile, a temporary substitute automobile, other automobiles driven by the insured or his spouse who lives with him, and trailers in certain circumstances. The stolen vehicle in which Simison was riding at the time of the collision does not fall within this definition.
6Western claims that, while the exclusion set out in the first clause of para. 1.8.2 relates specifically to "the automobile" as defined in the policy and excludes coverage for occupants of "the automobile" when used or operated without the owner's consent, the exclusion set out in the second clause of para. 1.8.2 is more general. In providing "there is no coverage . . . for an occupant of an automobile used or operated . . . without the owner's consent" (emphasis added), it excludes coverage for the occupants of any automobile driven without consent and is not limited in its effect to occupants of "the automobile" as defined in the policy.
7In addition, Western contends that the phrase "an occupant of an automobile" is the governing language in the second clause [page269] of para. 1.8.2, and that the subsequent use of the words "the automobile" is an obvious reference back to that phrase. According to Western, it would be unreasonable to interpret the second clause of para. 1.8.2 as relating to "the automobile", just because the words, "the automobile", appear in the phrase "an occupant of an automobile used or operated by a person in possession of the automobile without the owner's consent". Moreover, interpreting the second clause of para. 1.8.2 as referring to "the automobile" as defined in the policy would add nothing to the exclusion set out in the first clause of para. 1.8.2 and would render the second clause of para. 1.8.2 redundant. Western therefore submits that the second clause of para. 1.8.2 relates to occupants of "an automobile" rather than "the automobile" and excludes Simison's claim.
8Contrary to Western's position, the respondents submit that the second clause of para. 1.8.2 must be interpreted as excluding claims for occupants of "the automobile" as defined in OAP 1. They rely on the fact that the words "the automobile" appear within the second clause of para. 1.8.2, and the basic principle of interpretation that the same words must be given the same meaning throughout a document. They submit that the second clause of para. 1.8.2 is at least ambiguous, and that several principles of interpretation relating specifically to insurance contracts require that it be interpreted as they suggest.
9In particular, the respondents rely on the following principles of interpretation: (i) the contra proferentum rule; (ii) the principle that coverage provisions should be construed broadly and exclusion clauses narrowly; (iii) the desirability, at least where the policy is ambiguous, of giving effect to the reasonable expectations of the parties; 1 (iv) the rule that where legislation is designed for the benefit or protection of the insured, it should be construed in his or her favour; 2 and (v) the rule that where there is "doubt in the legislation establishing and governing the cover, and there are two possible interpretations of any aspect of the cover, the one more favourable to the insured should govern". 3
10In addition, the respondents contend that the definition in OAP 1 of the term "the automobile" is exhaustive and intended to displace other meanings that might arise in ordinary usage. [page270] They also rely on s. 1.3 of OAP 1, which provides, "[i]n this section we will explain words used throughout this policy" (emphasis added), as supporting their claim that it is at least reasonable to read clause two of para. 1.8.2 as referring to "the automobile" and therefore to find that Simison's claim for coverage is not excluded.
11Finally, the respondents point out that para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 was previously interpreted in Benjamin v. Al Islam (2000), 51 O.R. (3d ) 412, 2000 22712 (ON SC), 8 M.V.R. (3d) 103 (S.C.J.) (leave to appeal to Divisional Court refused, January 19, 2001). In that case, Haines J. found that the second clause of para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 refers to "the automobile" as defined in the policy. In making that decision, Haines J. noted that in Coombs v. Flavell (1988), 1988 4796 (ON CA), 64 O.R. (2d) 737, 50 D.L.R. (4th) 533 (C.A.), this court concluded that a predecessor provision to para. 1.8.2 barred recovery of damages by an occupant of an uninsured vehicle. However, after examining the differing wording of the exclusion contained in para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1, Haines J. observed that "the automobile" could mean any motor vehicle in which the plaintiff was an occupant, being operated without the owner's consent, or that it could refer only to a motor vehicle qualifying as "the automobile". He commented that the former interpretation is "[m] ore likely, the interpretation intended by the draftsperson", but held that the "latter interpretation is the one that is more favourable to the insured and is therefore the one to be applied".
12The respondents rely on Benjamin not only for its persuasive value but also because the wording of OAP 1 was revised subsequent to that decision and the wording of para. 1.8.2 remained unchanged.
III. The Motion Judge's Reasons
13The motion judge expressly adopted the reasoning in Benjamin and held that para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 does not exclude Simison's claim for coverage. In support of her conclusion, the motion judge rejected Western's submission that the respondents' interpretation of the second clause of para. 1.8.2 is implausible and that it renders the second clause of para. 1.8.2 superfluous, finding that the second clause of para. 1.8.2 "specifically addresses the occupant of a vehicle".
IV. Analysis
14I begin my analysis bearing two principles in mind. First, insurance policies are statutory contracts. In July v. Neal, supra, at p. 135 O.R., McKinnon A.C.J.O observed that "[i]nsurance [page271] policies are statutory contracts and the wording of the terms . . . normally are not the words of the insurer but the words of the statute or of the regulation." Second, as affirmed by Cronk J.A., in Fraczek v. Pascual (2003), 2003 21215 (ON CA), 64 O.R. (3d) 437, 226 D.L.R. (4th) 309 (C.A.), when interpreting legislation, courts must take into account the meaning of the legislation, in its total context. In Fraczek, Cronk J.A. set out a complete summary of "[t]he contemporary approach to the interpretation of legislation in civil cases", citing R. Sullivan, Driedger on the Construction of Statutes, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Butterworths, 1994) at p. 131:
There is only one rule in modern interpretation, namely, courts are obliged to determine the meaning of legislation in its total context, having regard to the purpose of the legislation, the consequences of proposed interpretations, the presumptions and special rules of interpretation, as well as admissible external aids. In other words, the courts must consider and take into account all relevant and admissible indicators of legislative meaning. After taking these into account, the court must then adopt the interpretation that is appropriate. An appropriate interpretation is one that can be justified in terms of (a) its plausibility, that is, its compliance with the legislative text; (b) its efficacy, that is its promotion of the legislative purpose; and (c) its acceptability, that is, the outcome is reasonable and just.
(Emphasis in original)
15Bearing these principles in mind, I conclude, for six reasons, that the second clause of para. 1.8.2. of OAP 1 refers to an occupant of an automobile rather than to an occupant of "the automobile" as defined in the policy, and that it therefore excludes Simison's claim.
16First, I accept Western's submission that the second clause of para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 would be redundant if it were interpreted as referring to "the automobile" as defined in the policy. I do not agree with the motion judge's conclusion that the reference to "an occupant" in the second clause of para. 1.8.2 somehow distinguishes the second clause of para. 1.8.2 from the first clause of para. 1.8.2. The first clause of para. 1.8.2 specifically states that "there is no coverage (including coverage for occupants)" in defined circumstances, whereas the second clause of para. 1.8.2 provides "there is no coverage . . . for an occupant of an automobile." On their face, the first and second clauses of para. 1.8.2 both apply to occupants. Moreover, if the respondents' suggested interpretation of the second clause of para. 1.8.2 were adopted, I see no other basis for concluding that the second clause would add meaning to the first clause.
17Second, in my view, interpreting "the automobile" in the second clause of para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 as referring back to the earlier phrase "an automobile" in the same clause, and therefore as meaning "any motor vehicle in which the plaintiff was an occupant that [page272] was being operated by someone without the owner's consent", is reasonable. That interpretation comports with the ordinary meaning of the words in the second clause. Importantly, it also recognizes that the words "an automobile" should be interpreted as meaning something different than the words "the automobile".
18Third, like Haines J., I consider it likely that the drafters intended the second clause of para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 to apply to "any motor vehicle in which the plaintiff was an occupant that was being operated by someone without the owner's consent": see Benjamin, supra, at para. 15. I reach this conclusion in two ways. The first way is simply by reading para. 1.8.2 as a whole. Viewed as a package it seems obvious that the drafters intended the second clause in the paragraph to mean something different than the first clause. Moreover, as I have indicated already, that is the plain meaning of the second clause.
19The second way I reach this conclusion is by examining the evolution in wording of the exclusion provision that is now set out in para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1. As part of his analysis in Benjamin, Haines J. set out the wording that was the subject of consideration by this court in Coombs, as well as the language of three subsequent amendments:
(i) The wording of the applicable provision under consideration in Coombs:
- No person shall be entitled to indemnity or payment under this policy who is an occupant of any automobile which is being used without the consent of the owner thereof.
(ii) The Ontario Motorists Protection Plan wording (June 1, 1992 - March 31, 1994):
An occupant of an automobile which is being operated without the consent of the owner or by an excluded driver shall not be entitled to indemnity or payment under this Policy except as provided in Part B (Accident Benefits).
(iii) The Bill 164 -- Ontario Automobile Policy wording (March 31, 1994-October 31, 1996):
Except for certain Accident Benefits coverage, there is no coverage (including coverage for occupants) under this policy if the automobile:
-- is being operated by a person without the owner's consent, or
-- is being driven by someone specifically excluded from this policy.
(iv) the Bill 59 -- OAP 1 wording (November 1, 1996 - present):
Except for certain Accident Benefits coverage, there is no coverage (including coverage for occupants) under this policy if the automobile is [page273] used or operated by a person in possession of the automobile without the owner's consent or is driven by a person named as an excluded driver of the automobile.
Except for certain Accident Benefits coverage, there is no coverage under this policy for an occupant of an automobile used or operated by a person in possession of the automobile without the owner's consent.
20Bearing in mind that "the automobile" was a defined term in each of the quoted standard form policies, it appears that the exclusion provisions that preceded para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 had the following effects: (i) until March 31, 1994, the occupants of any automobile that was driven without the owner's consent were excluded from coverage under the policy; and (ii) between March 31, 1994 and October 31, 1996, only occupants of "the automobile" as defined in the policy were excluded from coverage under the policy.
21As I read para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1, it incorporates, with minor amendments, the wording of the exclusion that was in effect from March 31, 1994, until October 31, 1996 (the day before OAP 1 came into effect). However, the second clause of para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 constitutes a self-contained addition. In my view, particularly when considered in light of the history of the exclusion provision, the addition of the second clause of para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 signals an intention to expand the scope of the exclusion that was in effect from March 31, 1994 until October 31, 1996, which was narrower in scope than its predecessor provision.
22Fourth, in light of the foregoing conclusions and the presumption that the legislature avoids superfluous language, I reach the further conclusion that the respondents' suggested interpretation of the second clause of para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 is not plausible. Once again, I begin with the proposition that insurance policies are statutory contracts. In Pope v. Pope (1999), 1999 2278 (ON CA), 42 O.R. (3d) 514, 170 D.L.R. (4th) 89 (C.A.), Osborne J.A. noted at p. 521 O.R. that "[i]t is a fundamental principle of statutory interpretation that where possible meaning should be attributed to all of the words that the legislature has chose to use." He also quoted the following extract from R. Sullivan, Driedger on the Construction of Statutes, supra:
It is presumed that the legislature avoids superfluous or meaningless words, that it does not pointlessly repeat itself or speak in vain. Every word in a statute is presumed to make sense and to have a specific role to play in advancing the legislative purpose.
(Emphasis in original)
23In my view, when combined with the principle set out in Pope, my conclusions that the respondents' suggested interpretation of the second clause of para. 1.8.2 would make that clause [page274] redundant and that the appellant's suggested interpretation of the second clause of para. 1.8.2 is reasonable, make the respondents' suggested interpretation of the second clause of para. 1.8.2 implausible. The respondents' suggested interpretation does not comply with the legislative text. Moreover, it does not appear to reflect the intention of the drafters.
24Fifth, I conclude that the respondents' suggested interpretation of the second clause of para. 1.8.2 does not raise a "real ambiguity" requiring the application of the special rules of interpretation on which the respondents rely. In Bell ExpressVu Ltd. Partnership v. Rex, 2002 SCC 42, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 559, 212 D.L.R. (4th) 1, Iacobucci J. examined the circumstances in which "real ambiguity", requiring the use of special rules of interpretation, will exist. He said the following at para. 29:
What, then, in law is an ambiguity? To answer, an ambiguity must be "real" (Marcotte, supra, at p. 115). The words of the provision must be "reasonably capable of more than one meaning" (Westminster Bank Ltd. v. Zang, [1966] A.C. 182 (H.L.), at p. 222, per Lord Reid). By necessity, however, one must consider the "entire context" of a provision before one can determine if it is reasonably capable of multiple interpretations. In this regard, Major J.'s statement in CanadianOxy Chemicals Ltd. v. Canada (Attorney General), 1999 680 (SCC), [1999] 1 S.C.R. 743, at para. 14, is apposite: "It is only when genuine ambiguity arises between two or more plausible readings, each equally in accordance with the intentions of the statute, that the courts need to resort to external interpretive aids" to which I would add, "including other principles of interpretation".
(Emphasis in original)
25Because I have concluded that the respondents' suggested interpretation of para. 1.8.2 is implausible, it does not raise an ambiguity requiring the application of special rules of interpretation.
26Sixth, I conclude that interpreting the second clause of para. 1.8.2 as referring to an occupant of any automobile driven without consent can be justified as "reasonable and just": see Fraczek, supra, at p. 442 O.R. If the second clause of para. 1.8.2 were interpreted as referring to "the automobile" as defined in the policy, it would mean that persons who steal cars belonging to innocent third parties, or who knowingly ride in stolen cars belonging to innocent third parties, would be entitled to insurance coverage for their injuries in the event of an accident. There is obvious merit in excluding criminal actors and their associates from insurance coverage.
27In summary, applying the modern rule of statutory interpretation requiring the determination of the meaning of legislation in its total context, I conclude that the second clause of para. 1.8.2. of OAP 1 refers to an occupant of an automobile rather [page275] than to an occupant of "the automobile" as defined in the policy, and that it therefore excludes Simison's claim.
V. Disposition
28Based on the foregoing reasons, I would allow the appeal and set aside the judgment dated August 6, 2003; I would answer the question posed in the special case, namely, "[d]oes para. 1.8.2 of OAP 1 exclude [Simison] from coverage under the policy for this claim" in the affirmative; in accordance with the terms of the special case, I would dismiss the action against Western without costs; and I would award costs of the appeal to the appellant on a partial indemnity scale fixed at $7,500 plus disbursements and applicable GST.
Appeal allowed.
Notes
Footnotes
- The first three principles are set out in Reid Crowther & Partners Ltd. v. Simcoe & Erie General Insurance Co., 1993 150 (SCC), [1993] 1 S.C.R. 252, 99 D.L.R. (4th) 741.
- Coombe v. Constitution Insurance Co. (1980), 1980 1715 (ON CA), 29 O.R. (2d) 729, 115 D.L.R. (3d) 499 (C.A.).
- July v. Neal (1986), 1986 149 (ON CA), 57 O.R. (2d) 129, 32 D.L.R. (4th) 463 (C.A.).
