Her Majesty the Queen v. Agensys International Inc. et al. [Indexed as: R. v. Agensys International Inc.]
71 O.R. (3d) 515
[2004] O.J. No. 2721
Docket Nos. C38981 and M30925
Court of Appeal for Ontario,
Rosenberg, Gillese and Armstrong JJ.A.
June 28, 2004
Criminal law -- Appeal -- Mootness -- Application to quash search warrant argued and decided in court below although moot -- Seized items returned and no charges laid -- Crown not raising mootness until after appeal perfected from unsuccessful application to quash search warrant -- No explanation why not raised earlier -- Interests of justice justify departure from usual practice of not entertaining moot appeals as no change to factual or legal substratum and not appropriate to insulate favourable ruling from appellate review -- Crown's application to quash appeal as moot dismissed.
Criminal law -- Search and seizure -- Search warrant -- Validity -- Information to obtain search warrant based largely on hearsay and deponent incorrectly characterizing outside expert's report as "valuation report" -- Judge hearing application to quash search warrant concluding deponent misrepresented expert's valuation conclusion as valuation report but finding that no deliberate deception involved and rejecting argument that entirety of expert's opinion should be disregarded as result of this mischaracterization -- Issuing justice properly excising phrase "valuation report" but appropriately considering content of expert's opinion -- Open to issuing judge to find that the application for search warrant was based on sufficiently reliable information -- No requirement that deponent refrain from reliance on hearsay -- Information to obtain warrant adequately stating source of hearsay except for failure to provide any information regarding training, education or qualifications of expert pro viding opinion to Revenue Canada that appellants' software worthless -- Serious omission as issuing and reviewing judges should be able to draw own conclusions regarding reliability of Information in support of application for search warrant -- Sufficient material before issuing judge to conclude that employee of Revenue Canada closely involved in supervision of expert's work and no evidence that expert not qualified to express opinion -- Appeal from dismissal of application to quash search warrant dismissed.
The appellants were the subjects of a Revenue Canada investigation into alleged offences under the Income Tax Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (5th Supp.) and the Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, including the offences of claiming fraudulent limited partnership losses and deductions and selling fraudulent losses to investors. The investors incurred losses through investments in several limited partnerships which had acquired territorial rights to computer software. The theory of Revenue Canada was that the limited partnership losses were illegitimate because the software was worthless. In furtherance of the investigation, an investigator with the Revenue Canada Special Investigations Unit swore an Information to Obtain search warrants. The Information to Obtain referred to an opinion which Revenue Canada had received from an outside consultant, G, that the software had no value. The G information was erroneously described as a "valuation report" rather than a valuation conclusion. Search warra nts were issued in 1997. The appellants brought a motion to quash the search warrants in April 1998. [page516] Revenue Canada investigators closed their investigation in the fall of 1998 and returned all the seized items. The application was heard in July 2000, and the application judge issued his decision in 2002, dismissing the application. The appellants appealed. The respondent moved to quash the appeal on the basis that it was moot.
Held, the motion and the appeal should be dismissed.
As a general rule, a court will not hear a moot appeal. However, once it is found that an appeal is moot, the court must determine whether it should exercise its discretion to hear the case. A court may exercise its discretion in favour of hearing a moot appeal where the concerns underlying the general rule are outweighed by the interests served by a determination of the merits of the appeal. That was the case here. Despite the cessation of a live controversy, the parties had vigorously and fully argued the issues. The issue of mootness was raised by the respondent for the first time in December 2003. No reasons were offered as to why the mootness issue was raised for the first time on appeal or why the Crown chose to vigorously contest the issues throughout the proceedings before the application judge. Concerns about mootness are normally triggered when there is a material change in the legal or factual substratum of the case between the time of the decision and the time of the appeal from the decision. He re, there was no change in the factual or legal substratum of the case between the date of the decision and the time of the appeal.
The application judge found that while the deponent had misrepresented the nature of the document that he relied on when he referred to a "valuation report", the misrepresentation did not constitute deliberate deception. As a finding of fact, that determination was entitled to deference and was fully justified on the record. The application judge also found that, although the characterization of the medium by which the G information was conveyed to the deponent was misleading, there was nothing misleading about the content of the information that was conveyed to the issuing judge. The G information did state that the software had no value and gave reasons for that assessment. In light of those findings, the application judge properly rejected the submission that because the G information was misrepresented as a valuation report, the entire contents of the G information should be excised. The application judge properly excised the term "valuation report" from the Information to Obtain but left in the content s of the G information and justifiably concluded that the warrant could have issued on the basis of that information alone.
The deponent's reliance on hearsay did not render the Information to Obtain sufficiently deficient to warrant quashing the search warrants. Although the deponent of an Information to Obtain should consider obtaining information directly from those with first-hand knowledge of the facts, it is not a legal requirement that the deponent do so. Where hearsay is relied upon, it must be presented in a way that allows the issuing judge to make his or her own determination about the reliability and trustworthiness of the source of information. The deponent in this case adequately sourced all of the information he relied upon with the exception of the information from the outside consultant G. There was no information before the issuing judge or the reviewing judge as to the education, training or qualifications of the outside consultant. This omission was serious. Where, as here, the hearsay information being relied upon is based upon highly technical matters, adequately sourcing the information requires the provis ion of sufficient information on the credentials of the expert that the issuing judge can satisfy him or herself that the expert was qualified to make the determinations in question. While the Information to Obtain was deficient in this regard, that deficiency was not sufficient to warrant quashing the search warrants. In the absence of information that [page517] G was not qualified to offer the opinions it did, it could not be seen as a deliberate deception. It was open to the issuing judge to assume that Revenue Canada had hired competent outside experts. Moreover, it was clear that Revenue Canada was closely involved in the G review, and it was open to the issuing judge to find by implication that the Revenue Canada involvement provided a sufficient degree of confidence in the reliability of the G findings. In the circumstances where the deponent was relying upon information given to him by other Revenue Canada employees, there was no obligation on his part to independently verify the accuracy of that in formation.
APPEAL from a judgment of Then J., [2002] O.J. No. 3715, [2002] O.T.C. 715 (S.C.J.) dismissing an application to quash search warrants; MOTION to quash an appeal.
The judgment of the court was delivered by
R. v. Araujo, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 992, 193 D.L.R. (4th) 440, 262 N.R. 346, 79 C.R.R. (2d) 1, 149 C.C.C. (3d) 449, 38 C.R. (5th) 307, 2000 SCC 65, consd R. v. Debot, 1989 13 (SCC), [1989] 2 S.C.R. 1140, 37 O.A.C. 1, 102 N.R. 161, 45 C.R.R. 49, 52 C.C.C. (3d) 193, 73 C.R. (3d) 129; R. v. Hosie (1996), 1996 450 (ON CA), 37 C.R.R. (2d) 97, 107 C.C.C. (3d) 385, 49 C.R. (4th) 1 (Ont. C.A.), distd Other cases referred to Borowski v. Canada (Attorney General), 1989 123 (SCC), [1989] 1 S.C.R. 342, 75 Sask. R. 82, 57 D.L.R. (4th) 231, 92 N.R. 110, [1989] 3 W.W.R. 97, 38 C.R.R. 232, 47 C.C.C. (3d) 1, 33 C.P.C. (2d) 105, [1989] S.C.J. No. 14; Payne v. Ontario (Minister of Energy, Science and Technology) (2002), 2002 45002 (ON CA), 162 O.A.C. 48, [2002] O.J. No. 2566; R. v. Bisson, 1994 46 (SCC), [1994] 3 S.C.R. 1097, 65 Q.A.C. 241, 173 N.R. 237, 94 C.C.C. (3d) 94; R. v. Garofoli, 1990 52 (SCC), [1990] 2 S.C.R. 1421, 43 O.A.C. 1, 116 N.R. 241, 50 C.R.R. 206, 60 C.C.C. (3d) 161, 80 C.R. (3d) 317; R. v. Grant (1999), 1999 3694 (ON CA), 132 C.C.C. (3d) 531, [1999] O.J. No. 327 (C.A.); R. v. Monroe (1997), 1997 3034 (BC CA), 44 C.R.R. (2d) 316, 8 C.R. (5th) 324 (B.C.C.A.); Southam Inc. v. Canada (1990), 1990 6748 (ON CA), 72 O.R. (2d) 376, 67 D.L.R. (4th) 156, 55 C.C.C. (3d) 428 (C.A.) Statutes referred to Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46 Income Tax Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (5th Supp.)
Scott K. Fenton, for appellants. Bradley Reitz and Brian Puddington, for respondent.
1GILLESE J.A.: -- Revenue Canada obtained search warrants for business and residential premises in which the appellants had privacy interests. The appellants applied to have the search warrants quashed. Justice Then dismissed the application. The appellants appeal from that dismissal.
2The respondent moves to have the appeal quashed on the basis that it is moot. All of the seized items were returned to the parties from whom they were seized in 1998 and no charges were laid as a consequence of the investigation and seizures. As a [page518] result, the respondent argues, the appellants no longer require any remedy, the dispute is over and the appeal is moot.
3For the reasons that follow, I would dismiss both the motion to quash and the appeal.
Background in Brief
4The appellants were the subjects of a Revenue Canada investigation into alleged offences under the Income Tax Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (5th Supp.) and the Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, including the offences of claiming fraudulent limited partnership losses and deductions, and selling fraudulent losses to investors.
5The investors incurred losses through investments in several limited partnerships formed between 1992 and 1995. The limited partnerships had acquired territorial rights to computer software known as the "Agensys software" from Agensys Corporation, a company incorporated in the Turks and Caicos. In 1996, the corporate appellant acquired the rights to the software from the various limited partnerships. The Agensys software was described as "an automated tool used to support information management".
6The theory of the Revenue Canada investigators was that the limited partnership losses were illegitimate because the software was worthless. In furtherance of the investigation, Mark Duncan, a Revenue Canada officer with the Special Investigations Unit, swore an Information to Obtain.
7In the Information to Obtain, Mr. Duncan referred to three sources of information concerning the value of the Agensys software. First, in June 1993, R.J. Pritchard & Associates made an evaluation of the fair market value of the software in Canada as of May 31, 1993, concluding that it was approximately $14,875,000. The Pritchard valuation projected software sales for the years 1993 to 2001 of a total of $53,773,000 -- this too was shown in the Information to Obtain.
8Second, Mr. Duncan referred to a sales projection from a member of the Agensys management group that was given to Fred Traer, a Revenue Canada officer with the Tax Avoidance section, during a meeting on May 16, 1995. This projection was that software sales for the years 1994 to 1998 would total $193,030,000.
9Third, Mr. Duncan provided a chronological summary of meetings held, and correspondence obtained, by Revenue Canada concerning the valuation of the software. The chronology showed that on March 18, 1996, the Tax Avoidance section of Revenue [page519] Canada received a letter from Murray Games of the Revenue Canada Valuations section. The letter outlined the information that Mr. Games had received from an outside consultant, Gondos & Associates ("Gondos"). Revenue Canada had hired Gondos in February 1995 to value the software. The Gondos information included Gondos' opinion that the software, as of June 30, 1993, had no value and the following six points:
(i) little or no material or effort appears to have been laid out to develop or market the product. All the information, demonstrations, applications and documentation that now exist appears to have been built or assembled for the benefit of the Revenue Canada review, which was conducted some three years after the date of valuation;
(ii) the partnership did not provide evidence that they had access or ownership of the source code;
(iii) the partnership did not have a team of employees capable of supporting, maintaining, updating, developing or marketing the product;
(iv) the product that was demonstrated in 1996 was a DOS version only, that even at those dates was not fully implemented and for which significant parts did not exist;
(v) the partnership had not developed any internal expertise vis-à-vis the product and even today relies on external consultants. In short, there was no continuity within the partnership to reflect the knowledge, technical expertise and marketing skills necessary to successfully sell this product;
(vi) there were not any sales, and to date there still have not been any sales of the software.
10Mr. Traer of the Tax Avoidance section, in turn, provided Mr. Duncan with the Gondos information set out above.
11The Information to Obtain clearly outlined the means by which Mr. Duncan came to know the Gondos valuation of the software.
12In the Information to Obtain, Mr. Duncan swore this, when referring to the Gondos information: "[I]n trying to determine the nature and value of the software acquired, the department received a valuation report that the asset's value on June 30, 1993 based on the information seen was nil"
(emphasis added). This was the only reference to a valuation report in the Information to Obtain. Elsewhere in the document, the Gondos [page520] information is referred to as statements or observations made by Gondos.
13On cross-examination, Mr. Duncan admitted that the term "valuation report" was incorrect and that "valuation conclusion" would have been a better term to have used.
14On October 7 and November 17, 1997, warrants were issued to search:
-- the business premises of the corporate appellant and associated limited partnerships;
-- the residences of the appellants Larry Gamble and David Morely; [See Note 1 at the end of the document] and
-- the law offices of Fasken Campbell Godfrey.
Pursuant to the warrants, investigators seized a large quantity of documents and computerized data.
15Approximately six months after the warrants were executed, the appellants [See Note 2 at the end of the document] filed a court application in which they sought an order in the nature of certiorari quashing the warrants and a declaration that their s. 8 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms rights had been violated.
16The record before the applications judge included:
-- the Information to Obtain;
-- transcripts of the cross-examinations of Mr. Duncan on the Information to Obtain;
-- affidavits by the applicants;
-- transcripts of the cross-examinations of the applicants on their affidavits; and
-- other materials pertinent to the value of the software and its commercial viability.
17The applications judge concluded that, in terming the letter containing the Gondos information a "valuation report", Mr. Duncan had misrepresented the nature of the document relied [page521] upon. However, he also concluded that the misrepresentation did not amount to deliberate deception. And, at para. 20 of his reasons, he found that there was no misrepresentation of the content of the Gondos information itself and that the warrant "would have been issued on this document alone in light of the information it conveys".
18After dealing with the other matters raised by the appellants, he dismissed the application.
19The appellants claim that the applications judge erred in finding that there was some evidence before the issuing judge upon which the latter could have issued the warrants. They submit that the record demonstrated that (1) the issuing judge was misled by false, materially misleading and deliberately deceptive statements in the Information to Obtain and (2) the affiant improperly relied on hearsay evidence when swearing the Information to Obtain and, without the hearsay evidence, probable cause for the issuance of the warrants would not have been established.
The Motion to Quash
20An appeal is moot if a decision by the court will not resolve a live controversy affecting, or potentially affecting, the rights of the parties. See Borowski v. Canada (Attorney General), 1989 123 (SCC), [1989] 1 S.C.R. 342, 57 D.L.R. (4th) 231, at p. 353 S.C.R., p. 239 D.L.R.
21The appellants have no further interest in these proceedings as the Revenue Canada investigation is closed, all documents have been returned and no charges have been laid. In the circumstances, I agree that the appeal is moot.
22As a general rule, a court will not hear a moot appeal. However, once it is found that an appeal is moot, the court must determine whether it should exercise its discretion to hear the case. The party seeking to have the appeal determined on its merits bears the onus of convincing the court to make an exception to the general rule: see Payne v. Ontario (Minister of Energy, Science and Technology) (2002), 2002 45002 (ON CA), 162 O.A.C. 48, [2002] O.J. No. 2566, at p. 52 O.A.C.
23A court may exercise its discretion in favour of hearing a moot appeal where the concerns underlying the general rule are outweighed by the interests served by a determination of the merits of the appeal. Three concerns underlie the general rule. First, mootness can diminish the adversarial process crucial to the operation of the litigation process. Second, judicial resources are limited and should normally be reserved for the determination of real disputes having real consequences for the parties. Third, there is a concern that in deciding moot appeals, the courts may step outside the boundaries of their [page522] proper adjudicative role and intrude upon the role of the legislature: see Payne, at p. 52 O.A.C. and Borowski, at pp. 358-63 S.C.R., pp. 243-44 D.L.R.
24A consideration of these factors leads me to conclude that it is in the interests of justice to hear the appeal.
25The first concern does not arise here -- there is an appropriate adversarial context. Despite the cessation of a live controversy, the parties have vigorously and fully argued the issues.
26The second concern, which relates to judicial economy, is diluted in the circumstances of this case. The appellants filed their motion seeking to quash the search warrants on April 24, 1998. In the fall of 1998, Revenue Canada investigators closed their investigation and returned all the seized items to the parties from whom they were seized. The parties continued to vigorously contest their positions with interlocutory matters proceeding to cross-examination on both sides. Final argument on the application was made on July 7, 2000, with each party filing written submissions and authorities. The applications judge issued his decision with reasons on September 27, 2002. The appellants filed a notice of appeal on October 24, 2002. On June 2, 2003, the appellants filed multiple copies of a six-volume set of appeal books and transcripts and on September 15, 2003, the appellants filed their factum. In December 2003, the respondent raised the issue of mootness for the first time. No reasons were offered as t o why the mootness issue was raised for the first time on appeal or why the Crown chose to vigorously contest the issues throughout the proceedings before the applications judge.
27As the cases demonstrate, concerns about mootness are normally triggered when there is a material change in the legal or factual substratum of the case between the time of the decision and the time of the appeal from the decision. See, for example, Borowski, supra, and Southam Inc. v. Canada (1990), 1990 6748 (ON CA), 72 O.R. (2d) 376, 55 C.C.C. (3d) 428 (C.A.). Here there was no change in the factual or legal substratum of the case between the date of the decision and the time of the appeal. Moreover, the effect of acceding to the mootness motion at this point would be to insulate a favourable ruling from appellate review.
28The third concern -- that the court would step beyond its judicial function of resolving disputes -- does not arise in the circumstances of this case.
29For these reasons, in my view, the court should exercise its discretion and hear the appeal. [page523]
The Appeal
The standard of review
30The applicable standard of appellate review is clear. The court is to show the usual deference for findings of fact and it ought not to interfere absent an error of law, a misapprehension of the evidence or a failure to consider relevant evidence: see R. v. Grant (1999), 1999 3694 (ON CA), 132 C.C.C. (3d) 531, [1999] O.J. No. 327 (C.A.), at p. 540 C.C.C.
No error of law
31The applications judge thoroughly canvassed the relevant law and legal principles. He quoted the following passage in R. v. Garofoli, 1990 52 (SCC), [1990] 2 S.C.R. 1421, 60 C.C.C. (3d) 161, at p. 1452 S.C.R., in which the Supreme Court of Canada established the process by which a reviewing judge was to consider the decision of the authorizing judge to grant a search warrant:
The reviewing judge does not substitute his or her view for that of the authorizing judge. If, based on the record which was before the authorizing judge as amplified on the review, the reviewing judge concludes that the authorizing judge could have granted the authorization, then he or she should not interfere. In this process, the existence of fraud, non- disclosure, misleading evidence and new evidence are relevant, but, rather than being a prerequisite to review, their sole impact is to determine whether there continues to be any basis for the decision of the authorizing judge.
32The applications judge noted that, as the reviewing judge, he had to expunge any misleading and erroneous information and then make a determination as to whether there was sufficient reliable information remaining that could support the warrant. He referred to R. v. Monroe (1997), 1997 3034 (BC CA), 8 C.R. (5th) 324, 44 C.R.R. (2d) 316 (B.C.C.A.) in support of this point of law. See also R. v. Bisson, 1994 46 (SCC), [1994] 3 S.C.R. 1097, 94 C.C.C. (3d) 94, at p. 1098 S.C.R., pp. 95-96 C.C.C. where the Supreme Court of Canada stated that errors in the information presented to the authorizing judge, whether inadvertent or even fraudulent, are factors to be considered in the review process but do not, by themselves, lead to automatic vitiation of the search warrant.
33The penultimate paragraph in the applications judge's reasons for decision is a clear enunciation of the correct legal principles. In that paragraph [para. 40], he stated:
As the reviewing judge my function is to determine whether there is any basis remaining, after disregarding the allegations that are false and taking into consideration the facts found to have been omitted by the informant, upon which the issuing judge would be satisfied that a search warrant should be issued. In my view, the issuing judge in this case could be satisfied that the search warrants should be issued. [page524]
The alleged errors
34The appellants concede that the applications judge correctly articulated the governing legal principles but argue that he erred in their application. The primary errors alleged are: (1) a failure to conclude that the main allegation in the Information to Obtain -- the allegation that a valuation report showed the software was of no value -- was a deliberate and substantial deception sufficient to vitiate the warrants; and, (2) a failure to find that Mr. Duncan's approach to the drafting of the Information to Obtain was fatally flawed. More specifically, the appellants submit that Mr. Duncan's reliance on multiple layers of hearsay and his systematic failure to make inquiries from primary sources to verify the accuracy of the hearsay information amounted to a breach of his duty to provide full, frank and fair disclosure and caused the Information to Obtain to be fatally flawed.
35I do not agree with either submission.
The alleged deception
36The applications judge found that while Mr. Duncan had misrepresented the nature of the document that he relied upon, the misrepresentation did not constitute deliberate deception. As a finding of fact, this determination is entitled to deference and is fully justified on the record.
37The applications judge also found that, although the characterization of the medium by which the Gondos information was conveyed to Mr. Duncan was misleading, there was nothing misleading about the content of the information that was conveyed to the issuing judge. The Gondos information does state that the software had no value and gives reasons for that assessment.
38In light of these findings, the applications judge properly rejected the submission that because the Gondos information was misrepresented as a valuation report, the entire content of the Gondos information should be excised. As the Supreme Court of Canada stated in R. v. Araujo, 2000 SCC 65, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 992, 149 C.C.C. (3d) 449, at p. 1020 S.C.R., p. 474 C.C.C."[E]rroneous information is properly excised . . . and the remaining information then assessed in the totality of the circumstances." The applications judge properly excised the term "valuation report" from the Information to Obtain but left in the content of the Gondos information and justifiably concluded that the warrant could have been issued on the basis of that information alone.
39In a similar vein, the appellants assert that there were other defects in Mr. Duncan's affidavit that, either singly or in combination with the "valuation report" misrepresentation, [page525] ought to have led the applications judge to find that the warrants ought not to have been issued. These are: the statement that the Agensys partnership and Agensys Corporation were dealing at non-arm's-length; the failure to disclose positive consulting reports on the value of the software; and, the characterization of the corporate appellant's failure to provide Gondos with the source code.
40I need not deal with these contentions in light of the applications judge's findings that there was no deception or attempt to mislead in the Information to Obtain and his determination that the warrant would have been issued on the basis of the Gondos information alone. Suffice to say that I see no error in the applications judge's reasons or determinations in respect of any of these contentions. On the contrary, the reasons show a full appreciation of the appellants' arguments on each of these alleged defects, the relevant evidence and the applicable legal principles.
Reliance on hearsay
41The applications judge considered the legal obligations of a deponent of an Information to Obtain in light of the principles summarized by the Supreme Court of Canada in Araujo, supra. Although Araujo dealt with the legal standard that an affiant supporting a wiretap application must meet, the applications judge held that the principles were equally applicable to a determination of the legal sufficiency of the Information to Obtain. In my view, he was correct to do so.
42In both instances, in my view, the deponent is obliged to make full, fair and frank disclosure of the material facts so that the issuing judge is able to make a judicial assessment of whether the facts rise to the standard required to meet the test for issuance of the warrant. See Araujo at pp. 1013-16 S.C.R., pp. 469-70 C.C.C. in relation to the disclosure obligation for search warrant deponents.
43In Araujo at p. 1015 S.C.R., p. 470 C.C.C., LeBel J., writing for the court, stated
Finally, while there is no legal requirement for it, those gathering affidavit material should give consideration to obtaining affidavits directly from those with the best first- hand knowledge of the facts set out therein, like the police officers carrying on the criminal investigation or handling the informers. This would strengthen the material by making it more reliable.
I note that the Information to Obtain in this case was made several years before the decision in Araujo. In the future, a deponent for an Information to Obtain should bear in mind the words of LeBel J. about the desirability of presenting first- hand information in the [page526] Information to Obtain. However, although the deponent of an Information to Obtain should consider obtaining information directly from those with first-hand knowledge of the facts, it is not a legal requirement that the deponent do so. Like search warrant applicants, such deponents are entitled to rely upon hearsay. Again like search warrant applicants, where hearsay is relied upon, it must be presented in a way that allows the issuing judge to make his or her own determination about the reliability and trustworthiness of the sources of information. The Information to Obtain should never attempt to trick its readers. It should set out the facts truthfully, fully and plainly: see Araujo at p. 1015 S.C.R., p. 470 C.C.C.
44It is important that an affiant properly source all of the information relied upon. In this case, Mr. Duncan adequately sourced all of the information he relied upon with the exception of the information from the outside consultants, Gondos & Associates. There was no information before the issuing judge or the reviewing judge as to the education, training or qualifications of the outside consultants. Given the significance of the information provided by the outside consultants and relied upon in the Information to Obtain, this omission is serious. Where, as here, the hearsay information being relied upon is based upon highly technical matters, adequately sourcing the information requires the provision of sufficient information on the credentials of the expert that the issuing judge can satisfy him or herself that the expert was qualified to make the determinations in question.
45While the Information to Obtain is deficient in this regard, in my view that deficiency is not sufficient to warrant quashing the search warrants for three reasons. First, as an omission and in the absence of information that Gondos & Associates was not qualified to offer the opinions it did, it cannot be seen to be a deliberate deception. Second, it was open to the issuing judge to assume that Revenue Canada had hired competent outside experts given that its express purpose for hiring the consultants was that "Revenue Canada's Valuation's section did not have the required expertise." Third, the chronology of events listed in para. 6 of the Information to Obtain shows that Revenue Canada, in the person of Fred Traer, was closely involved in the Gondos review of Agensys. It was open to the issuing judge to find by implication that Mr. Traer's involvement and supervision of Gondos & Associates provided a sufficient degree of confidence in the reliability of the findings made by Gondos & Associates.
46In the Information to Obtain, Mr. Duncan also relied on the hearsay comments of Joe Albanese, an investor, given to [page527] Mirko Komienovich, an officer with the Tax Avoidance section of Revenue Canada. Mr. Duncan corroborated Mr. Albanese's statements about his investments by reviewing his tax returns. He also confirmed, with Mr. Komienovich, the information he had received with respect to Mr. Albanese before swearing the Information to Obtain.
47In support of their application to quash the warrant, the appellants filed an affidavit of Mr. Albanese that contradicted the accuracy of the statements attributed to Mr. Albanese by Mr. Komienovich. As the applications judge noted, this contradiction in statements illustrates the pitfalls of not relying on first-hand information. However, the applications judge also found that there was no evidence that Mr. Duncan was acting in bad faith when he put such information to the issuing judge, nor was there a deliberate attempt to mislead the issuing judge.
48In the circumstances of this case, where Mr. Duncan was relying upon information given to him by other Revenue Canada employees, in my view there was no obligation on Mr. Duncan to independently verify the accuracy of that information. The instant case is readily distinguishable from R. v. Debot, 1989 13 (SCC), [1989] 2 S.C.R. 1140, 52 C.C.C. (3d) 193 and R. v. Hosie (1996), 1996 450 (ON CA), 107 C.C.C. (3d) 385, 49 C.R. (4th) 1 (Ont. C.A.), two cases concerning the sufficiency of evidence relied upon by the police that came from a confidential source. In such situations, as the courts pointed out, the source of the information is unproven: it is not known what the informer's source of knowledge is, how current the information is or how the informer obtained the information. Such information requires verification: see Debot at p. 1172 S.C.R., p. 218 C.C.C., and Hosie at pp. 391-92 C.C.C.
49In the case at bar, the sources of information relied on by Mr. Duncan were within Revenue Canada itself or emanated from an outside consultant that had been hired by Revenue Canada to perform a valuation. There was no "tip" from an unknown informer and the consultant's sources of knowledge and information were known and disclosed. Even if the statements attributed to Mr. Albanese could be seen to be akin to a "tip", his identity was known and steps had been taken to confirm the information attributed to him.
Conclusion
50Accordingly, I would dismiss both the motion to quash and the appeal.
Appeal and motion dismissed.
[page528]
Notes
Note 1: The residences of Gary McCann and Paul Mighton were also included in the search warrants.
Note 2: Mr. Gamble, Mr. Morely, Mr. McCann and Mr. Mighton were all applicants before Justice Then. Of these four, only Mr. Gamble and Mr. Morely appeal the dismissal of the application.
