Gail Misra is a vice-chair at the Ontario Labour Relations Board with 350 decisions on record from 1994 to 2001. Key areas include employment and labour law, administrative law, other tribunals.

What tribunal does Gail Misra sit on?

Gail Misra sits on the Ontario Labour Relations Board.

What areas of law does Gail Misra decide?

Gail Misra's most common areas include Employment and Labour Law (350 decisions), Administrative Law (79 decisions), Other Tribunals (49 decisions). Gail Misra has handled 350 decisions across 5 areas.

How many decisions has Gail Misra made?

Gail Misra has 350 decisions on record from 1994 to 2001.

Who frequently appears before Gail Misra?

Representatives who frequently appear before Gail Misra include Ed Ogibowski, Bernard Fishbein, Michael McCreary.

/Adjudicator

minicounsel

Gail Misra — Vice-Chair

Employment and Labour Law

Gail Misra

Vice-Chair·Ontario Labour Relations Board·Since 1994

350

cases · 8 yrs · OLRB

Trial

Motion

Costs

Appeal

Sentencing

Vice-Chair· 165Vice-Chair· 114Vice-Chair· 61Adjudicator/Referee· 4Vice Chair· 4Adjudicator· 2

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 27, 2000

OLRB directs opening of sealed ballot box after employer withdraws objections in certification application.

In an application for certification, the employer withdrew its position regarding 'build up' and section 8.1 of the Labour Relations Act, 1995.

With no remaining issues in dispute and the applicant agreeing to the responding party's proposed bargaining unit, the Ontario Labour Relations Board directed a Labour Relations Officer to meet with the parties to open the sealed ballot box and count the ballots cast in the representation vote.

Labourers’ International Union of North America, Local 506 v. Canadian Waste Services Inc., 2000 CanLII 13459

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 23, 2000

Duty of fair representation complaint dismissed; union acted reasonably in handling grievances after employer closure.

The applicants, former employees of Hanmer Bus Lines, filed a duty of fair representation complaint against their union, CUPE.

They alleged the union acted arbitrarily or in bad faith by failing to take numerous grievances to arbitration, failing to pursue termination pay after the employer closed its business, ending strike pay, and other internal union matters.

The Board dismissed the application, finding that the union had gone above and beyond its duty by paying strike pay for 22 months even after the employer ceased operations, and that it reasonably held grievances in abeyance pending a lead case and the subsequent closure of the business.

Unionized Members of Hanmer Bus Lines v. Canadian Union of Public Employees, 2000 CanLII 12256

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 20, 2000

Union certification granted for library pages following a successful representation vote.

The applicant union sought certification for a bargaining unit of pages employed by the Brantford Public Library Board.

Following a representation vote where more than fifty percent of the ballots were cast in favour of the applicant, and with no statements of desire to make representations filed, the Ontario Labour Relations Board ordered that a certificate issue to the applicant.

Canadian Union of Public Employees v. Brantford Public Library Board, 2000 CanLII 10711

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 20, 2000

Union certified as bargaining agent following successful representation vote.

The applicant union applied for certification as the bargaining agent for a unit of technicians employed by the responding party.

Following a representation vote where more than fifty per cent of the ballots were cast in favour of the union, and with no statements of desire to make representations filed, the Ontario Labour Relations Board certified the union and defined the appropriate bargaining unit.

International Union of Operating Engineers Local 772 v. Brookfield Lepage Johnson Controls Facility Management Services Ltd., 2000 CanLII 9270

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 20, 2000

Certification application dismissed after union failed to win majority in representation vote; one-year bar imposed.

The applicant union applied for certification.

A representation vote was held, and not more than fifty per cent of the ballots cast by employees in the bargaining unit were in favour of the applicant.

As no statement of desire to make representations was filed, the Board dismissed the application and imposed a one-year bar on further certification applications by the applicant for this bargaining unit.

International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 793 v. Blue Circle Materials o/a Ready Mix, 2000 CanLII 7494

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 20, 2000

Provincial labour complaint dismissed for lack of jurisdiction as the employer was federally regulated.

The applicant filed a duty of fair representation complaint against the union under the provincial Labour Relations Act, 1995.

The union objected on the basis that the employer, Ogden Ground Services at Pearson International Airport, was federally regulated and certified under the Canada Labour Code.

The Board found that the employer was a business subject to federal regulation for labour relations purposes.

As a result, the Board concluded it lacked jurisdiction to entertain the complaint and dismissed the application.

Ian Price v. International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, Local 2413, 2000 CanLII 12051

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Representation vote ordered and ballots to be counted despite employer's section 8.1 notice.

The applicant trade union applied for certification.

The responding party agreed with the bargaining unit description but disputed the applicant's estimate of the number of employees, giving notice under section 8.1 of the Labour Relations Act, 1995.

The Board found the numerical difference was not significant and that the applicant had established sufficient membership support.

The Board ordered a representation vote to be taken and counted.

One Board Member dissented, arguing that section 8.1(4) required the ballot box to be sealed.

Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada v. Union Energy, 2000 CanLII 10560

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Application adjourned sine die on consent of the parties.

The parties agreed to adjourn the application sine die.

The Ontario Labour Relations Board consented to the adjournment for a period not exceeding one year, after which the application will be deemed terminated if neither party requests to proceed.

National Automobile, Aerospace, Transportation and General Workers Union of Canada (CAW-Canada) and its Local 195 v. Windsor Match Plate & Tool Limited, 2000 CanLII 9712

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Application withdrawn with leave of the Board.

The applicant union sought to withdraw its application against the responding party employer.

The Ontario Labour Relations Board considered the request.

The Board granted leave for the withdrawal.

The application was formally withdrawn.

Christian Labour Association of Canada v. Smith Packaging Limited, 2000 CanLII 10644

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Union certification application dismissed after failing to secure majority support in representation vote.

The applicant union applied for certification as the bargaining agent for the employees of the responding party.

A representation vote was held, and not more than fifty percent of the ballots were cast in favour of the applicant.

No statement of desire to make representations was filed.

The Ontario Labour Relations Board dismissed the application and imposed a one-year bar on further certification applications by the applicant for this bargaining unit.

Teamsters Local Union No. 419 v. Victoriaville Funeral Supplies Inc., 2000 CanLII 10910

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Representation vote directed in certification application pending determination of trade union status.

The applicant union filed an application for certification.

The Board found that the applicant had not yet established its trade union status under the Labour Relations Act, 1995, and would be required to make submissions on this issue.

However, based on the agreement of the parties regarding the appropriate bargaining unit and the appearance of sufficient membership support, the Board directed that a representation vote be taken among the employees in the voting constituency.

Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union, Local 264 v. Weston Bakeries Limited, 2000 CanLII 10316

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Representation vote directed for proposed bargaining unit of nurses; ballots sealed pending further decision.

The applicant trade union filed an application for certification to represent a bargaining unit of registered and graduate nurses at the responding party hospital.

The Board found that the applicant is a trade union and that not less than forty percent of the individuals in the proposed bargaining unit were members of the union.

The Board directed a representation vote to be held.

Due to a dispute over the inclusion of several positions, individuals in those positions were permitted to cast segregated ballots.

The ballots were ordered sealed pending a further decision, as an intervenor union had also filed a certification application on the same day.

Ontario Nurses’ Association v. St. Joseph’s Hospital, 2000 CanLII 10291

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Union certified as bargaining agent following successful representation vote.

The applicant union applied for certification.

National Automobile, Aerospace, Transportation and General Workers Union of Canada (CAW-Canada) v. WOCO Automotive Inc., 2000 CanLII 8570

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Extension of time for filing response granted on consent.

The Board granted an extension of time for filing a response to November 24, 2000, on consent of the parties.

Trevor Scott Lambrechts v. Power Workers’ Union, 2000 CanLII 1543

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Representation vote directed in displacement application for certification.

The applicant trade union filed a displacement application for certification to represent employees currently represented by the intervenor.

The Board found that the applicant is a trade union under the Labour Relations Act, 1995 and that it established sufficient membership support in the proposed bargaining unit.

The responding party agreed with the bargaining unit description and that the ballots should be counted.

The Board directed that a representation vote be taken.

National Automobile, Aerospace, Transportation & General Workers Union of Canada (CAW-Canada) v. WW Hotels (Windsor) Company, 2000 CanLII 8783

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Application withdrawn with leave of the Board following settlement.

The applicant union sought to withdraw its application following a settlement reached between the parties on November 9, 2000.

The Ontario Labour Relations Board granted leave and the application was withdrawn.

Canadian Union of Public Employees and its Local 4232 v. Anduhyaun Inc. and Catherine Brooks, 2000 CanLII 6652

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Board ordered sealed ballot boxes in displacement applications to be opened and counted.

The applicant trade union requested that the sealed ballot boxes in several displacement applications be opened and counted, following a recent Board decision in related files.

The responding parties and intervenor either agreed or took no position.

The Board directed a Labour Relations Officer to meet with the parties to open the ballot boxes and count the ballots.

National Automobile, Aerospace, Transportation and General Workers’ Union of Canada (CAW-Canada) v. St. Joseph’s Care Group (Part Time Service), 2000 CanLII 7067

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Union certification granted after majority support in representation vote.

The applicant union applied for certification to represent a bargaining unit of employees of the responding party.

Following a representation vote where more than fifty per cent of the ballots were cast in favour of the applicant, and with no statements of desire to make representations filed, the Ontario Labour Relations Board found the bargaining unit appropriate and ordered that a certificate issue to the applicant.

Universal Workers Union, Labourers’ International Union of North America Local 183 v. Hallmark Housekeeping Services Inc., 2000 CanLII 7560

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Board directs representation vote for proposed bargaining unit after finding sufficient membership support.

The applicant trade union applied for certification.

The Board found that the applicant established sufficient membership support in its proposed bargaining unit (not less than 40%) to obtain a representation vote.

The Board directed that a representation vote be taken of the individuals in the voting constituency.

Christian Labour Association of Canada v. Durham Region Attendant Care, 2000 CanLII 6294

OLRBOntario Labour Relations BoardNov 17, 2000

Representation vote ordered in certification application after union established sufficient membership support.

The applicant trade union filed an application for certification.

The Board found that the applicant established sufficient membership support in the agreed-upon bargaining unit to warrant a representation vote.

The Board ordered a representation vote to be held on November 21, 2000, for all eligible employees in the voting constituency.

Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada v. ELC Electronic Language Communications Ltd., 2000 CanLII 11246

Page 2 of 18 (350 cases)

for Allstate Insurance Company of Canada

Catherine PetersCounsel
1 appearance
Seann McAleeseCounsel
1 appearance
Tricia BiglowCounsel
1 appearance

for Bancroft I.G.A.

Bud SchramnAgent
1 appearance
David M. ChondonCounsel
1 appearance

for Bayshore

Daina GroskaufmanisCounsel
1 appearance

for Buttcon Limited

Robert A. BoothCounsel
1 appearance

for Comcare

Glenn ChristieCounsel
1 appearance
John MacKenzieCounsel
1 appearance

for CUPE

Gus OliveiraUnion representative
1 appearance
Mark GallinaUnion representative
1 appearance
Michael StokesUnion representative
1 appearance
Nick MilanovicUnion representative
1 appearance

for CUPE, Local 3875

Gina GignacCounsel
1 appearance
Joanne McKennaCounsel
1 appearance
Judith McCormackCounsel
1 appearance

for Desiree Grabarczyk et al and Irene Quirk

Sari GarnerAgent
1 appearance

for Durham Access to Care

Maureen HoustonCounsel
1 appearance
Tom OlesonCounsel
1 appearance

for Enwave District Energy Limited

Graham HardingCounsel
1 appearance
James B. NoonanCounsel
1 appearance

for Extendicare (Canada) Inc.

Patricia G. MurrayCounsel
1 appearance
Tom KitchenCounsel
1 appearance

for IBEW, Local 586

James BarryCounsel
1 appearance
Michael GottheilCounsel
1 appearance

for John Timothy Denton and Diane Denton

Tim DentonCounsel
1 appearance

for Katalin Lanczi Pharmacy Ltd. c.o.b. as Shoppers Drug Mart

A.D.G. PurdyCounsel
1 appearance
Katalin LancziAgent
1 appearance
Susan NicholasAgent
1 appearance

for Kawartha

Deborah WarrenCounsel
1 appearance
Lee ShouldiceCounsel
1 appearance
Lyn LintonCounsel
1 appearance

for Labourers', Local 183

Mario MoschellaCounsel
1 appearance
Mark J. LewisCounsel
1 appearance
Nicholas KeresztesiCounsel
1 appearance

for Masonry Council of Unions, Toronto & Vicinity and Bricklayers Masons Independent Union of Canada, Local 1

Mark LewisCounsel
1 appearance

for MCA Concerts Canada

James KnightCounsel
1 appearance
Martin OnrotAgent
1 appearance

for MegaTech Electrical

Jay RiderCounsel
1 appearance
Phil Harris Sr.Counsel
1 appearance
Simone NajgaldbergCounsel
1 appearance

for Native Child and Family Services of Toronto

A. CraigCounsel
1 appearance
A. P. TarasukCounsel
1 appearance
Bill McNaughtonCounsel
1 appearance
K. RichardCounsel
1 appearance

for Ontario Hosiery Mfg. Co. Inc.

Bipin KhimasiaCounsel
1 appearance
Donald B. JarvisCounsel
1 appearance

for Ontario Nurses' Association

Jim FraserCounsel
1 appearance
Risa PancerCounsel
1 appearance

for Ontario Place Corporation

Lou SeilerAgent
1 appearance
Michael FleishmanCounsel
1 appearance

for Oxville and Fernbrook

Erin KuzzCounsel
1 appearance
Mike RiccardiAgent
1 appearance

for Pamela Blais

Cynthia WhistonAgent
1 appearance
Dorthey SmithAgent
1 appearance
Gena GraziottoAgent
1 appearance
Heather MayAgent
1 appearance
Pamela BlaisSelf-represented
1 appearance

for ParaMed

Sandi TannerCounsel
1 appearance

for Peter Menzies

C. J. AbbassCounsel
1 appearance
Peter MenziesSelf-represented
1 appearance
Robert CrawfordCounsel
1 appearance

for Practical Nurses Federation of Ontario

Denis W EllicksonCounsel
1 appearance
William SlyCounsel
1 appearance

for Red Cross

Sean LeighlandCounsel
1 appearance
Amanda HunterCounsel
1 appearance

for Retail Wholesale Canada, Canadian Service Sector Division of the United Steelworkers of America, Locals 414, 422, 440, 448, 461, 483, 488, 1000 and 1688

Jeffrey AndrewCounsel
1 appearance
Ab PlayerUnion representative
1 appearance
David W. T. MathesonCounsel
1 appearance
Rob LowUnion representative
1 appearance
Thomas CollinsUnion representative
1 appearance

for Saint Elizabeth Health Care - Durham Region

Nancy HawkesCounsel
1 appearance
Peter IsraelCounsel
1 appearance
C. AndreeCounsel
1 appearance

for St. Joseph's Hospital, Brantford

Stephen C. RaymondCounsel
1 appearance
Stephen F. GleaveCounsel
1 appearance
Maureen DignanCounsel
1 appearance

for the applicant

Ed OgibowskiUnion representative
3 appearances
Bernard FishbeinCounsel
3 appearances
Michael McCrearyCounsel
2 appearances
Richard BlairCounsel
2 appearances
David WrightCounsel
2 appearances
Caroline CohenUnion representative
1 appearance
Carolyn HartCounsel
1 appearance
C. M. MitchellCounsel
1 appearance
Connie HusiakUnion representative
1 appearance
Connie McGinnUnion representative
1 appearance
Craig GrantUnion representative
1 appearance
Cynthia WatsonCounsel
1 appearance
Cynthia WatsonUnion representative
1 appearance
Dana IvanochkoAgent
1 appearance
Dan McBrideCounsel
1 appearance
David ChenAgent
1 appearance
David WinkenwederSelf-represented
1 appearance
Debra ParkesCounsel
1 appearance
Diana GarvieUnion representative
1 appearance
Diane KrbavcicAgent
1 appearance

for the Applicant

Ian PriceSelf-represented
1 appearance
Rosalina PapaSelf-represented
1 appearance
Self-representedSelf-represented
1 appearance
Shelley DolsonSelf-represented
1 appearance

for the applicant and the intervenor

Elizabeth J. McIntyreCounsel
1 appearance
Tim GleasonCounsel
1 appearance

for the applicants

Bill JoyceAgent
1 appearance
Bill McLarenAgent
1 appearance
Charles ToveySelf-represented
1 appearance
Chris BoschCounsel
1 appearance
Daniel AduseiSelf-represented
1 appearance
Daniel CondonCounsel
1 appearance
Denis IppersielAgent
1 appearance
Felicia AduseiSelf-represented
1 appearance
Joyce GuenetteSelf-represented
1 appearance
Loretta PoulinSelf-represented
1 appearance
Mike ChartrandSelf-represented
1 appearance
Mike ClaussenSelf-represented
1 appearance
Rebecca MillarSelf-represented
1 appearance
Stacy FennSelf-represented
1 appearance
Suzanne LamontagneSelf-represented
1 appearance

for The Brantford General Hospital

Joe BullerCounsel
1 appearance
Norm CroweCounsel
1 appearance
Robert HickmanCounsel
1 appearance

for the Canadian Union of Operating Engineers and General Workers

Steve KarikasUnion representative
1 appearance
Steve LavenderUnion representative
1 appearance
Z. GrgarUnion representative
1 appearance

for the Canadian Union of Public Employees, Local 416

B. CochraneUnion representative
1 appearance
Brian SheehanCounsel
1 appearance
D. StylesUnion representative
1 appearance
N. McKenzieUnion representative
1 appearance

for the employer

C. HamiltonAgent
1 appearance
G. AnandCounsel
1 appearance
J. RoffeyCounsel
1 appearance
M. BellAgent
1 appearance
Scott BrownAgent
1 appearance

for the Employer

Don ZehrAgent
1 appearance

for the Fort William Clinic

Fred BickfordCounsel
1 appearance
John JohnsonAgent
1 appearance

for the Group of Employees of Banlake Associates Ltd. c.o.b. as Bancroft I.G.A.

Bruce SevignyCounsel
1 appearance
Cindy ThainSelf-represented
1 appearance
Dirk VandermeerSelf-represented
1 appearance

for the interested party

DaignaultCounsel
1 appearance
Joanne L. McMahonCounsel
1 appearance
M. GroomCounsel
1 appearance

for the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 1687

Andrea BowkerCounsel
1 appearance
Bruce McNamaraCounsel
1 appearance
Larry LinehamCounsel
1 appearance

for the intervenor

Andra PollakCounsel
1 appearance
Anna CarneyCounsel
1 appearance
Anna Rae FishmanCounsel
1 appearance
Barbara RileyAgent
1 appearance
Bud CalliganUnion representative
1 appearance
Catherine BrooksAgent
1 appearance
C. G. RiggsCounsel
1 appearance
Charlene CatchpoleAgent
1 appearance
Charles JamesAgent
1 appearance
Christopher WilsonCounsel
1 appearance
Clifford J. HartCounsel
1 appearance
Dawn HillisCounsel
1 appearance
Debra May KeeCounsel
1 appearance
D. M. BarbiniCounsel
1 appearance
D. NewcombeCounsel
1 appearance
D. OrlandoCounsel
1 appearance
Elizabeth MitchellCounsel
1 appearance
Frank O'ReillyUnion representative
1 appearance
Harold CaleyCounsel
1 appearance
Harold SachsCounsel
1 appearance

for the Intervenor

Anne GallopCounsel
1 appearance
Keith McDonellCounsel
1 appearance
Bob RoweCounsel
1 appearance

for the Labourers’ International Union of North America, Ontario Provincial District Council

John MoszynskiCounsel
1 appearance

for the Ministry of Labour

Brian FukuzawaCounsel
2 appearances
Mark AlchukCounsel
1 appearance
Murray KleinCounsel
1 appearance
Robert AskinCounsel
1 appearance
Heidi Lazar-MeynCounsel
1 appearance
Alicia Gordon-FaganCounsel
1 appearance
Bruce ArnottCounsel
1 appearance
Joe BoeswaldCounsel
1 appearance
L. EisenbergAgent
1 appearance

for the objector

C. J. AbbassCounsel
2 appearances
Bernard WillerSelf-represented
1 appearance

for the objectors

Augustine BonsuAgent
1 appearance
Anna SmenderovaAgent
1 appearance
Chuck NeedhamAgent
1 appearance
Ethel PerrierAgent
1 appearance
Jelka SelakAgent
1 appearance
Mike ModyCounsel
1 appearance

for the responding parties

Anna RuddyCounsel
1 appearance
Clarke MelvilleCounsel
1 appearance
D. WitmerAgent
1 appearance
John D. LewisCounsel
1 appearance
John R. McAninchCounsel
1 appearance
J. SharkeyCounsel
1 appearance
Mark StoneCounsel
1 appearance
P. WitmerAgent
1 appearance
Richard J. CharneyCounsel
1 appearance
Robert SilbersteinCounsel
1 appearance

for the responding parties in Board File No. 3671-98-ES

Jennifer LepageSelf-represented
1 appearance
Tanya SwayneSelf-represented
1 appearance

for the responding party

Alek KornAgent
1 appearance
Andy ReistetterAgent
1 appearance
Anna SweetUnion representative
1 appearance
A. P. TarasukCounsel
1 appearance
Barry AdamsAgent
1 appearance
Beverly MednickUnion representative
1 appearance
Bob BezaireAgent
1 appearance
Bob CullensUnion representative
1 appearance
Bob DunnAgent
1 appearance
Bob LowUnion representative
1 appearance
Brenda BillerAgent
1 appearance
Brent BrowettAgent
1 appearance
Brett ChristenCounsel
1 appearance
Brian CottonAgent
1 appearance
Brian GastonAgent
1 appearance
Bruce TuckerAgent
1 appearance
Cheryl V. RovisCounsel
1 appearance
Christopher DassiosCounsel
1 appearance
Christopher M. LittleCounsel
1 appearance
Chris WhiteCounsel
1 appearance

for the responding party employee

Kevin FoxCounsel
1 appearance
Myrna OrnelasSelf-represented
1 appearance

for the responding party in Board File No. 3945-98-ES

Gilles LapalmeAgent
1 appearance
Patrick TheriaultSelf-represented
1 appearance

for the responding party Multi-Professional Support Services Inc.

Julie McAlpineAgent
1 appearance
Marlene IrwinAgent
1 appearance
Roy FilionCounsel
1 appearance
Ted UnderwoodAgent
1 appearance

for the Service Employees Union, Local 268

Glen ChochiaCounsel
1 appearance
Glen OramUnion representative
1 appearance

for the trade union

Ian RolandCounsel
1 appearance
Lilly HarmerCounsel
1 appearance

for the Union

Henry PereiraUnion representative
1 appearance

for the Zancor companies

Dennis ZanardoAgent
1 appearance
Lisa S. GoodfellowCounsel
1 appearance
Nick CortellucciAgent
1 appearance

for UFCW

Bill CooperAgent
1 appearance
Kelvin KuceyCounsel
1 appearance
Ovila DagenaisAgent
1 appearance

for Unistrut Canada Limited

Carl PetersonCounsel
1 appearance
John SetoCounsel
1 appearance

for West Park Hospital

Cathrine BergeCounsel
1 appearance
Diana NoelCounsel
1 appearance
Jean RushworthCounsel
1 appearance
Sarah A. EvesCounsel
1 appearance

350

Decisions

Years active

Tribunals

4.0

cases/mo

OLRB350(100%)

Decision types

motion

213

trial

appeal

Page 2 of 18 (350 cases)