Ontario Review Board
Re: Ilyes Sahed
ORB File No: 6956
Hearing held on: Monday, January 19, 2026
Place of Hearing: Providence Care Hospital
Pursuant to: Sections 672.81(1) of the Criminal Code
Before:
Alternate Chairperson: Mr. J. Hanbidge
Members: Ms. K. Weisbaum Dr. R. Kunjukrishnan Dr. W. Loza Mr. A. Bouvier
Parties Appearing:
Accused: Ilyes Sahed Counsel: Mr. M. J. Boudreau
Person in charge of hospital: Counsel: Ms. T. Tom Representative: Dr. M. Chan
Attorney-General of Ontario: Counsel: Mr. A. R. Scott
REASONS FOR DISPOSITION
(Dated February 4, 2026)
Introduction, Issues, and Positions of the Parties at the Hearing
On May 24, 2016, Mr. Sahed was found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder ('NCR') on charges of failing to stop for police, possessing stolen property over $5,000.00, and failing to comply with a recognizance. In 2017, he breached his Board Disposition and absented himself from hospital oversight for well over five years, until his re-arrest in 2023. He is currently subject to a Disposition of the Board, dated February 10, 2025, detaining him at the Secure Forensic Unit of Providence Care Hospital (or 'the hospital') with allowable privileges extending to living in the community in accommodation approved by the person in charge.
On January 19, 2026, the Board convened at the hospital to conduct the annual review for Mr. Sahed. Present at the hearing, in addition to the parties and counsel, and Dr. Michael Chan, was Mr. Sahed’s mother.
The issues to be decided were whether Mr. Sayed continues to pose a significant threat to the safety of the public at this time, and, if so, what Disposition is necessary and appropriate for him for the coming year. In deciding the second issue, the Board is required by s. 672.54 of the Criminal Code to consider four factors, being the safety of the public, as the paramount consideration, and Mr. Sayed's mental condition, reintegration into society, and other needs.
At the outset of the hearing, Ms. Tom advised that the hospital was recommending that Mr. Sahed be granted an Absolute Discharge Disposition given that it was its submission that Mr. Sayed no longer represented a significant threat to the safety of the public. Mr. Mike Junior Boudreau, on behalf of Mr. Sahed concurred in the hospital’s submission and recommendation to the Board. Mr. Andrew R. Scott, on behalf of the Attorney General, submitted that Mr. Sayed continues to represent a significant threat to the safety of the public, with the appropriate Disposition for the Board’s consideration being that Mr. Sahed be subject to a Conditional Discharge for the coming reporting period.
Index Offences on March 3, 2016
- The index offences, as set out in the Hospital Report (pgs. 2-3), were summarized in the Previous Board's Reasons for Disposition of May 22, 2025 ('Reasons'), essentially as follows:
On March 3, 2016, Mr. Sahed was observed by a police officer operating a motor vehicle in and around Mattawa, Ontario, at speeds up to 139 kph in a 90 kph Zone. He was alone in the vehicle. Police initiated a pursuit, and activated the police car siren and emergency lights, attempting to pull the vehicle over. Mr. Sahed failed to stop, and sped up.
The police terminated the pursuit for safety reasons. Other police vehicles came and a spike belt was set up. Mr. Sahed drove over it, and eventually lost rubber on three tires. He continued driving on the highway on three rims, at speeds up to 140 kph. He eventually stopped, and was apprehended without incident.
The vehicle he was driving had been reported stolen in Montreal. He had entered into a Recognizance in February 2016, with conditions including that he not be in the driver’s seat of a motor vehicle except in the presence of his surety.
Current Diagnosis, from the Hospital Report
- Mr. Sahed is diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
Personal Background
The Hospital Report should be referred to for an account of Mr. Sahed's personal history relevant to the issues at this hearing. As that Report is an exhibit, its detailed contents need not be reiterated here, but the following points are noted.
Mr. Sahed is now thirty-six years old. He was born in Algeria. His parents divorced when he was ten years old. In 2004, when he was about fifteen, he and his brother came with their mother to Canada, apparently settling in Montreal. Shortly after arriving, he bought his first guitar and began taking guitar lessons. He was noted in high school to be musically talented.
In 2007, he graduated from high school. He began journalism studies but left the program. He worked part-time as a parking valet but lost this job. He had relationship difficulties with his girlfriend, and their relationship ended. He worked at other jobs, also with difficulty.
In November 2007, he became depressed for a three-week period. He saw a physician who prescribed an antidepressant medication, escitalopram (Cipralex), which was soon followed by his first manic episode in February 2008. Once he stopped the antidepressant, he returned to his previous baseline state. That continued until the fall of 2008, when his depression returned. He was again prescribed an antidepressant and again relapsed into mania.
Prior Set of index Offences and Prior Criminal Charges
From 2009 to 2023, Mr. Sahed has a history of relapses into manic phases of his illness, leading to criminal charges, notably for dangerous driving offences, with NCR findings under both the Ontario and Quebec forensic Review Board systems, and criminal convictions in 2018.
Following is a summary of this history up to the commission of the second (2016) index offences.
In 2009, Mr. Sahed again stopped taking his medication. He reported using cannabis over the years, to an extent not clear.
At some point that year, he crossed the international border into the United States with no passport, was arrested, and spent a few months in jails there before being repatriated to Canada.
In 2009, Mr. Sahed was charged with multiple criminal offences in Montreal (including reckless driving and failing to stop for police, as well as theft, possessing stolen property, and failing to appear in court). He was found NCR in Quebec in 2011 on these index offences and came under the oversight of Quebec's counterpart to the Ontario Review Board, the Tribunal Administratif du Québec ('TAQ').
In 2013, he was granted an Absolute Discharge Disposition by TAQ. At that time, Quebec forensic psychiatrist, Dr. Poulan, reported that Mr. Sahed refused maintenance medication, even if it was minimal and reduced his relapse risk. This physician also opined that, without this treatment, Mr. Sahed’s prognosis would be poor with relapse.
In January 2016, Mr. Sahed was doing live music shows and producing his own music, spending three or four weeks with other musicians, staying up very late. He was in Toronto at some point. He became focused on wanting to move to Vancouver.
On February 9, 2016, Mr. Sahed was arrested for breaking and entering a student residence in Montreal, where he had been squatting in a room for about a week; he was found in possession of an air-gun, and in the room were found lead balls and an air-cylinder used to load an air-gun. He was subsequently released, and no charges were laid.
On February 24, 2016, Mr. Sahed stole a U-Haul truck in Montreal and drove away in it. He was found shortly thereafter in Ontario, trespassing on CN property, and deliberately driving on an exclusive, high-traffic, main railway line for CN freight and passenger trains. His behaviour at the time endangered the safety of the public, including railway employees. He was arrested at Newmarket, Ontario, and charged with numerous Criminal Code offences, including theft of a motor vehicle, inhabiting a hut unlawfully close to a railway line, interfering with transportation, mischief endangering life, carrying a concealed weapon (a pellet gun), and possessing house-breaking tools. Found with cannabis, he was also charged under a federal statute with possession of cannabis. He was also charged under the Railway Safety Act with entering land on which railway line work was situated. He was held at the Lindsay jail (Central East Correctional Centre) in Kawartha Lakes, Ontario.
Within days, his mother, very upset with him, bailed him as his surety (with conditions including the driving-alone prohibition), took him back to Montreal, and said she would get his former psychiatrist to see him in the morning. Mr. Sahed refused, saying he did not have a mental illness. Mr. Sahed left Montreal that same night. He stole a car, in either Montreal or Valleyfield, Quebec, with plans to drive to Vancouver, B.C., and headed out towards North Bay, Ontario.
His index offences followed, on March 3, 2016, in Mattawa, Ontario (not far from North Bay).
Course following the 2016 NCR Finding – Hospital Oversight until November 2017
Reference should be made to the Hospital Report for a detailed account of Mr. Sahed's course under the Board's jurisdiction, from which the following points are noted.
In May 2016, the Court in North Bay found Mr. Sayed NCR for the index offences, all of which were very likely the result of Mr. Sahed having experienced a manic episode during their commission. The February 2016 charges were stayed in the context of this NCR verdict.
Under his initial Ontario Review Board Disposition, Mr. Sahed was transferred under a Detention Order to mental health services provided at the Secure Forensic Unit at the hospital. In January 2017, he was discharged from the hospital to live in the community, where he was followed by a Providence Care forensic outpatient team.
At that time, Mr. Sahed had not used cannabis for over half a year, and his bipolar disorder was in "current remission". His manic episodes were viewed as triggered by substance use. He was described as understanding the symptoms of his illness, that substance use could trigger a relapse, and how that had led to his index offences. Assessed capable of making his psychiatric medication decisions, he declined to take maintenance medication, believing that if he began to relapse, he would then seek out the required mental health system contacts. He completed individual psychological (“CBT”) treatment. A relapse prevention plan was also put in place for him.
In June 2017, at his first annual Board review, he was granted a Conditional Discharge, with conditions prohibiting driving and substance use, and privileges including community living allowable in both Kingston, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec.
In the fall of 2017, Mr. Sahed elected to move back to Montreal and live at his mother's residence, which the team supported although it presented significant oversight challenges.
Mr. Sahed decided to resume cannabis use, after well over a year of abstaining, and relapsed into symptoms of mania.
On November 1, 2017, his case manager, concerned about his deteriorating state, asked Mr. Sahed to come to the hospital for an assessment. He refused. The hospital's attempts to have his mother assist in her son's return were unsuccessful.
Mr. Sahed, thereafter, stopped all contact with the hospital and Board, stopped adhering to his Disposition, and stopped attending Board hearings. Despite all efforts made, he was lost from hospital oversight and Board contact until June 2023.
Course during his Unlawful Absence – November 2017 to June 2023
The course of Mr. Sahed's unauthorized absence (“UA”) from hospital oversight under the Board's jurisdiction, as set out in the Hospital Report and in the previous Board's Reasons for Disposition, need not be reiterated here, but is summarized as follows.
After his UA on November 1, 2017, Mr. Sahed’s mother reported (in an interview some six years later) that, initially, Mr. Sahed’s mental health was stable and he had a job. It was also reported that within a month of that date Mr. Sahed engaged in extremely dangerous driving in Montreal, putting all those in his wake in grave danger: After stealing gas, he thwarted police attempts to stop him by driving into a multilevel parking garage, where he accelerated towards officers who had got out of their police cruiser, forcing one officer to jump out the way to protect himself, and hitting the cruiser and breaking its window; the officers then used the cruiser as a protective barricade, and Mr. Sahed again accelerated towards them, crashing into the cruiser's side door. Mr. Sahed then exited the garage and drove at a high rate of speed on city streets, including through a designated school zone as well as a barricaded construction site, almost striking other vehicles on these roadways. Police elected to cancel the pursuit. Mr. Sahed was arrested later that same day and was charged with dangerous driving and assault with a weapon pursuant to the Criminal Code.
The updated CPIC at last year's Board hearing showed Mr. Sahed having "convictions in January 2018, as well as the associated custodial sentence" in Quebec. This is apparently in relation to these serious charges in late 2017.
In 2018, Mr. Sahed’s mother later reported that Mr. Sahed once again began using cannabis, resulting, once again, in his mood deteriorating into symptoms of mania. He was admitted to a Montreal hospital overnight and then discharged with a recommendation to reconnect with Providence Care Hospital, Ontario, which Mr. Sahed never did.
In 2020, Mr. Sahed travelled to Algeria to visit his ill grandmother, staying with his uncle. There, he had a manic episode, with mental health symptoms, including psychomotor agitation, grandiose thinking, and aggressive behaviour. Cannabis use was felt to be a factor in the episode. Against Mr. Sahed’s wishes, his uncle arranged for Mr. Sahed to be taken to hospital. Mr. Sahed was admitted from February 5 to May 20, 2020, and treated with risperidone and carbamazepine antipsychotic medications. He slowly improved and was discharged on the carbamazepine medication.
Mr. Sahed returned to Canada later in 2020. Back in Montreal, he took his medication for a while but then chose to stop taking it. Mr. Sahed was subsequently connected with an outpatient clinic in Montreal where he saw a family physician for about two years, apparently until sometime in 2022.
In February 2023, after travelling to the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands, Mr. Sahed returned to Canada. At Ontario's Pearson International Airport, he was arrested on an outstanding warrant, charged with failing to comply with a release order (subsequently withdrawn), and again sent to Lindsay prison in Kawartha Lakes. After being released from prison, he "began his journey through Northern Ontario."
On June 6, 2023, Mr. Sahed was stopped by police in Marathon, Ontario, driving recklessly in a construction zone with workers present. He was charged with disobeying a court order, having breached the driving prohibition in his extant Board Disposition (charge subsequently withdrawn).
Course from June to December 14, 2023 – the first Board Review since 2017
On June 9, 2023, Mr. Sahed was arrested pursuant to the outstanding Board Warrant and returned by police to Providence Care Hospital. There, he was seen as having elevated mood symptoms but not full-blown mania, thus not meeting Ontario’s Mental Health Act criteria for involuntary admission. He left hospital against medical advice. He explained at last year's Board hearing (previous Reasons, para's 55, 71) that he left because "he did not know how long he would be detained and he did not want his freedom deprived."
Mr. Sahed was thereafter back in the community as of June 14, 2023. Shortly after that, he was charged with two property offences: On June 17, he and another man were charged with break and enter into a yacht at a marina in Barrie, Ontario, from which they stole food and alcohol. On June 19, he was charged with an earlier theft of personal items at a Barrie work site.
At some point, he returned to his mother's home in Montreal. On July 7, 2023, his mother contacted Kingston, Ontario police, to advise that Mr. Sahed had wanted her to take him to get his impounded car and belongings from the Kingston area. She advised that she did not retrieve his car, in order to ensure he did not drive anywhere. She also reported that Mr. Sahed was quite mentally unwell, being in a manic state and experiencing paranoia. At that time, she believed Mr. Sahed was a risk to himself and the public.
On July 16, 2023, Mr. Sahed’s mother reported that Mr. Sahed had taken her car without consent. She also noted that Mr. Sahed had not taken his medication for about a month.
On July 17, 2023, police located Mr. Sahed driving his mother’s car in Valleyfield, Quebec. The police tried to pull Mr. Sahed over but Mr. Sahed sped off and engaged in a very dangerous and prolonged attempt to evade them. Mr. Sahed drove at high speed, zig-zagged between cars, U-turned and cut off motorists, drove on the wrong side of the road in dense traffic, and ran 4-way stop signs. He was arrested and charged with car theft, dangerous driving, and failing to stop for police pursuant to the Criminal Code.
On August 2, 2023, he again stole his mother's motor vehicle, intending to drive, once again, to Vancouver, B.C. He ran out of gas near Wawa in northern Ontario. He broke into a motel there, stayed the night, stole food, left the room in complete disarray, and stole a mountain bike. He was arrested, found with cannabis in his possession, and charged with break and enter, mischief, and two thefts, again pursuant to the Criminal Code.
During the four months preceding the 2023 hearing, Dr. Chan found Mr. Sahed to be, not in a bipolar relapse but passionate and forceful in his positions, overconfident, guarded at times, and lacking insight. His behaviour on the unit was mostly stable. He declined to take medication in what he described as being that "prison setting", but hinted that, if he was in a community setting, he might be more receptive. His mother indicated that Mr. Sahed had not returned to his baseline and his mood was still somewhat elevated, and that he had been treating her poorly, such as yelling at her in phone calls.
The December 2023 Board review resulted in the finding, based on the evidence of both his attending psychiatrist Dr. Chan and clinical psychologist Dr. J.C. Rose, that Mr. Sahed continued to pose a significant threat to the safety of the public. As a result, a Disposition was issued, a Detention Order, with substance use, driving, and weapons prohibitions, and with privileges up to indirectly supervised passes into the Kingston community within 20 kms of the hospital, and living in approved accommodation in the community, as well as reporting at least once a week.
Course over the Period of December 2023 to December 2024, and Risk Assessments
The previous last two year’s respective Reasons for Disposition as well as the contents of each of those year’s Hospital Reports provide detailed accounts of Mr. Sahed's course over the above-noted time period, from which the following points are noted.
In December 2023, after Mr. Sahed had begun cooperating in a trial of aripiprazole (a mood-regulating antipsychotic medication taken daily in oral form), Mr. Sahed agreed to and switched over to a long-acting injectable ('LAI') form of the antipsychotic medication given once every four weeks. His mood and mental state settled quickly and remarkably well; by early 2024 he was less 'testy', could see the benefit of the medication and its calming effect on him, and began to cooperate fully with the team. He has continued receiving this LAI medication since then.
With that positive change, privileges were granted and gradually increased, up to indirectly supervised day passes into the city of Kingston. He and his mother had good visits, no longer with arguments. He has been relating well with staff and other patients in hospital and making use of the library and internet there.
Financial support for Mr. Sahed was an ongoing concern in 2024. His team social worker, Ms. Brittany McDonnell, worked with him on applying for a monthly disability pension from the Ontario Disability Support Program ('ODSP'). The application was submitted to ODSP, but remained under review there, delayed and complicated by a number of factors. The factors were an extreme backlog in processing pension applications at ODSP; Mr. Sahed's receiving payments from the counterpart Quebec disability support agency until April 2024; the difficulty in obtaining information from the Quebec agency, and Mr. Sahed's difficulty in obtaining his banking information and opening a local bank account.
Mr. Sahed was motivated to obtain and submit the documentation for the ODSP pension. While his application remained under review, he received no pension but apparently did receive some ODSP funding to cover some expenses for community engagement over the fall of 2024. The lack of an ODSP pension is reported to have significantly delayed Mr. Sahed's progress, by limiting his ability to enjoy community activities in Kingston, blocking his access to the community housing his team had hoped to accomplish, and thus impeding both his willingness to enter the community on passes and his community placement.
Mr. Sahed engaged in individual programming to address his bipolar illness, relapse prevention, coping with stress, addiction recovery, and learning his way around Kingston, with his team occupational therapist (“O.T.”), Mr. David Montesano. Mr. Sahed made substantial gains in developing insight into his psychiatric struggles, and in particular, was described as now knowing that he needed to continue maintenance medication going forward, and not only if he feels it is necessary or is in an acute hospital care setting.
There had been concern about Mr. Sahed's pattern of excessive sleeping. He slept through his December 2024 Pre-Board team conference and was described as sleeping to an astounding extent.
Two differing risk assessments were provided in the Hospital Report during that time period. In Dr. Chan's assessment, Mr. Sahed no longer presented a significant threat to the safety of the public, having accepted the recommended medication treatment and continued with LAI aripiprazole every four weeks for that past year, with good results in controlling his mood disorder, and having done very well generally for the entire year of 2024, with no risk concerns.
Dr. Chan noted that Dr. Rose had informed the team her view was unchanged, that an Absolute Discharge Disposition would be premature, given Mr. Sahed's history when living in the community, and his risk variables being untested in the community, and that she was not optimistic the Conditional Discharge Disposition framework that failed in 2017 would work now. In brief response, Dr. Chan noted that Mr. Sahed was not the same individual he was when he relapsed into mania in 2017, as his mood disorder was now controlled by the medication, and that the lack of data about his safety in the community was no fault of his own but due to the delay in his community transition resulting from the difficulties in obtaining ODSP funding.
Lengthy extracts from Dr. Rose's subsequent Psychological Risk Assessment Report (or 'Report'), dated December 9, 2024, are included in the Hospital Report.
Dr. Rose's Report sets out in detail the results for Mr. Sahed on two actuarially based guides for structuring violence risk assessment: the Level of Service Inventory-Revised ('LSI-R') and the Historical-Clinical-Risk-Management-20 ('HCR-20').
The LSI-R results indicated his criminogenic risk and need factors within the next year were in the low/moderate range, and that his main needs for addressing his risk were in the education and employment, leisure, emotional and personal, and financial domains.
The HCR-20 results identified numerous risk factors for violence, described with examples in Dr. Rose's Report. Of the ten historical risk factors, five were indicated to be present (violence in dangerous driving, other antisocial behaviour such as focused threats and intimidation, cannabis use, major mental illness, and poor treatment and supervision response) and two possibly or partially present (sporadic employment history, and violence threats and property offending to get his immediate needs met). Only one of the five current risk factors was possibly or partially present (lack of insight into his violence risk and seriousness of his offences). All five future risk management risks were noted present or possibly or partially present, in the event of an absolute discharge or living in Montreal under a conditional discharge (future problems with professional services and plans, treatment and supervision response, his living situation, personal support, and stress and coping ability).
Also identified in Dr. Rose's Report are potential motivating, disinhibiting, and destabilizing factors for violence and violence-management. Potentially motivating factors include that he (1) may be drawn towards violent and criminal behaviour and (2) may have negative attitudes towards authority (and not only in the context of mania). Potential disinhibiting factors that may lessen his restraint from violence include his (1) cannabis use in particular, as well as (2) negative peer influences and (3) desperation for immediate needs for shelter and safety. Destabilizing factors that may impair his decision-making include his (1) active symptoms of mania, and mania with psychotic features, (2) losing insight when unwell and rejecting reliable advice from others, and (3) acute intoxication, especially in the context of mania.
On these results, Dr. Rose concluded that Mr. Sahed presented an at least "moderate risk" for future violence overall, and that an Absolute Discharge Disposition would be premature, particularly given his history of non-compliance with his Board Disposition, his six-year UA, and his reoffending.
At the same time, Dr. Rose expressly recognized the positive gains Mr. Sahed made in 2024 and stressed that her assessment was not meant to discount those gains, but rather to ensure that his known risk factors would be addressed in a gradual reintegration into the community with regular and close monitoring under the 1:1 supervision of a hospital treatment team.
Course over the period from September 2024 to December 2025, using the same Risk Assessment
As noted in the Hospital Report, Mr. Sahed has returned as an NCR accused to PCH since August 2023, beyond two years in duration. He was lost to follow-up for approximately six years when he went AWOL back to Montreal. He apparently now acknowledges he made a mistake by not going through legal channels to address his NCR status in Ontario or attending the Board’s review hearings.
Dr, Chan, Mr. Sahed’s treating psychiatrist at PCH, has been involved with Mr. Sahed over the past two years. Initially Mr. Sahed resisted Dr. Chan’s efforts at convincing Mr. Sahed of a bipolar diagnosis, even though it was first raised in Montreal in 2009. As part of that resistance, Mr. Sahed was argumentative and felt he did not belong in the Ontario forensic system, as well as arguing for his repatriation back to the Province of Quebec.
However, Mr. Sahed’s lawyer convinced Mr. Sahed in November 2023 to start a trial of medication under Dr. Chan’s supervision. That began with oral Abilify to which Mr. Sahed responded very well and soon converted to injectable medication by January 2024. Dr. Chan was able to stabilize and maintain Mr. Sahed monthly prescribed medication at its lower dosage (300 mg) ever since and Mr. Sahed has done well.
At the two most recent previous year’s Board review hearings, Dr. Chan argued that Mr. Sahed’s risk was thought to be controlled on the antipsychotic treatment provided, resulting in Mr. Sahed’s improved mental stability. However, the previous risk assessment prepared by Dr. Rose, PCH’s clinical psychologist, demonstrated that Mr. Sahed was not yet tested in community living and, therefore, there were still unknowns in how Mr. Sahed would function. It was also noted that, at the time, Mr. Sahed had no government financial support which would have permitted Mr. Sahed to better enjoy the community.
The Hospital Report further noted that, while Mr. Sahed was an inpatient, he did have full indirect community access in Kingston, yet he only ventured out to go to the gym or library, as well as tending to sleep in until lunchtime.
Thereafter, however, the Hospital Reports noted that Mr. Sahed did secure ODSP support permitting Mr. Sahed’s ability to start experiencing and continue to experience independent community living with Mr. Sahed securing his own subsidized apartment in late May 2025.
Mr. Sahed now enjoys his freedom while living in the community. As a result, his mother has visited for multiple weekends from Montreal, with her reporting that Mr. Sahed is doing very well.
The Hospital Report adds that Mr. Sahed has been fully engaged with outpatient therapeutic contact and group programming. This includes the addiction recovery group, the problem-solving group, as well as individual counselling. He also went to the gym in the community several times weekly.
In late October 2025, Mr. Sahed spent one week back in Montreal as his uncle was visiting from Algeria. He demonstrated his reliability in returning from passes in Montreal while using public transit.
Mr. Sahed also reconciled with his younger brother with whom he had previous conflict, even accusing his brother of assault.
Mr. Sahed continues to take his injectable antipsychotic medication monthly as prescribed. All drug screening test results have been negative. Mr. Sahed is well aware of his cannabis use in the past had led to a psychotic relapse.
As for Mr. Sahed’s current assessment of risk for violence, it is noted that the same Psychological Risk Assessment Report, dated December 9, 2024, that had been previously completed by Dr. Rose, was relied upon once again for this year’s Board review hearing, The findings noted that, using structured risk measures, Mr. Sahed continues to be at a Moderate Risk for engaging in future violence, and a Low/Moderate Risk for general recidivism (i.e. any new criminal offence, including but not limited to violence), suggesting that Mr. Sahed continues to require the oversight of the forensic mental health system, notably the need for management/treatment strategies and regular monitoring to mitigate his risk for future violence.
The Report added that a number of risk factors or criminogenic needs were identified as potential targets for such interventions, including substance use, emotion regulation and coping, structured leisure time, employment, and possibly, attitudes that are supportive of crime.
In light of these findings, it was Dr. Rose’s professional opinion that an Absolute Discharge Disposition remained premature for Mr. Sahed, given his history of non-compliance with his ORB Disposition, especially the six-year AWOL, as well as his re-offending during that timeframe.
Furthermore, as noted previously, the management plan was unsuccessful in 2017 under circumstances that are similar to Mr. Sahed’s current presentation which includes good insight and a relapse prevention plan. While Mr. Sahed demonstrates medication compliance at present, he chose to discontinue his medications while living in Montreal. There would also be limited legal mechanisms to seek Mr. Sahed’s return to Ontario’s hospitals for assessment, given that the Ontario’s MHA does not apply in Quebec. Additionally, in the summer of 2023, the MHA was insufficient to manage Mr. Sahed’s risk to public safety. Finally, Mr. Sahed’s family proved ineffective and had limited ability to influence Mr. Sahed during his AWOL to get care for his mental and substance use when he was actively manic.
Since Mr. Sahed’s return to hospital in August 2023, his behaviour has only been evaluated in an inpatient setting with some access to the community since May 2025. There is minimal information indicating that Mr. Sahed’s ability to manage under reduced supervision has changed substantially since 2017. Additionally, Mr. Sahed’s avoidance-based approach to coping (i.e. sleeping and staying in his room when he was an inpatient) with his current circumstances suggests minimal internalization of the programming he has completed.
It is Dr. Rose’s respectful opinion that Mr. Sahed’s prior issues with compliance necessitates a continuation of Mr. Sahed’s supervision by the Board with a gradual re-integration plan that includes regular and close monitoring under the supervision of the treatment team. It will also allow the team to evaluate whether Mr. Sahed has internalized the skills he has learned through programming, as well as education about the chronic nature if his illness.
The Hospital Report notes, however, that, once again, for the second time during this and last year’s Board review hearings, Dr. Chan, the rest of the treatment team, as well as the hospital are recommending at the current review hearing that Mr. Sahed no longer represents a significant threat the public safety and, therefore, should be granted an Absolute Discharge Disposition by the Board.
The relevant excerpt from the Hospital’s “Summary of Risk & Conclusions (provided by Dr. Chan)” states:
“I believe the time has come for [Mr. Sahed] to exit the forensic system in Ontario. He has demonstrated by community living the past 6 months that he is stable in mental state functioning. He has explored the job market locally but decided against full-time retail employment. This was also to minimize stress. He has fulfilled the requirement to demonstrate that he can succeed with community living and manage his life independently with support. Looking at Dr. Rose’s risk summary from a year ago his risk across the board is low. There is no history of instrumental or reactive violence. I believe that his 2016 and 2017 impulsivity was related to manic relapse. He has been diligent with addiction recovery programming and fully understands the detriment of cannabis usage in triggering relapse. Dr. Rose’s previous concern about a risk pathway was in the context of manic relapse associated with poor decision making. His police contacts previously were associated with his driving and not cooperating with a traffic stop. It was his overriding mental state to evade arrest that created the reckless driving scenarios. He presently has some outstanding driving charges from the greater Montreal area from the summer of 2023 prior to his admission with us. These he can address once he is repatriated to Quebec.
My opinion therefore is that he has stabilized in his mental state from his bipolar relapse over 2 years ago and has continued his maintenance treatment with injectable Abilify. He has stated his intention is to continue this when he returns to Montreal. Aftercare will be arranged through his family physician’s office with whom I spoke a year ago. There are mental health resources within the family practice location. His mom will provide accommodation until he is able to make the transition to his own housing. For income supports this will need to be with the Quebec system. His plan is to return to employment as a food delivery driver. He has still maintained his Quebec driver’s licence and will only resume driving if there are no prohibitions.
Therefore my overall opinion is that he has embraced his bipolar diagnosis which he had previously resisted and now understands the full importance of maintaining wellness through aftercare and medication maintenance. His family is supportive….”
Viva Voce Evidence of Dr. Chan
Dr. Chan testified that he has been Mr. Sahed's treating psychiatrist since September 2023, a period of time in excess of two years. Previous to 2023, Dr. Chan was not personally involved in Mr. Sahed’s mental health care, although Mr. Sahed was a patient at PCH.
Dr. Chan adopts the contents of the Hospital Report for which he had authorship, including the Report’s conclusion that Mr. Sahed no longer represents a significant threat to the safety of the public.
According to Dr. Chan, there have been a number of changes that have occurred with Mr. Sahed over the past year that have led the hospital, Dr. Chan, and the other members of Mr. Sahed’s treatment team to reach this conclusion.
Dr. Chan elaborated by noting that Mr. Sahed had successfully transitioned to the local Kingston community beginning in May 2025. Since his transition, Mr. Sahed has been supported and fully engaged in PCH’s treatment programs. Mr. Sahed maintains good insight into his mental illness condition (bipolar disorder) and his need to continue taking his prescribed long-acting injectable (“LAI”) antipsychotic medication regimen (namely, Abilify – at the lower dose of 300 mg. rather than 400 mg.).
He also realizes that he must abstain absolutely from the consumption of cannabis, it being recognized by Mr. Sahed as being detrimental to his mental health condition. There has been no evidence of him using substances, including cannabis, while residing in the community.
Dr. Chan added that Mr. Sahed now resides in his own independent apartment residence, which is both subsidized and supported housing.
Dr. Chan also noted that there have been no issues with Mr. Sahed; Mr. Sahed is responsible for all of his activities of daily living.
Dr. Chan testified that Mr. Sahed sees his treatment team staff members several times a month. He is fully engaged and participates in treatment programs offered, including recovery programs to address addiction issues, as well as a problem-solving program.
According to Dr. Chan, Mr. Sahed has shown mental health improvement with the introduction of antipsychotic medication, with Mr. Sahed initially, approximately two years ago, being administered a low dose of oral medication, and more recently, within the last year, with LAI medication. During the past two years, Mr. Sahed has neither stopped taking this prescribed medication regimen nor complained of experiencing any side-effects to the medication. Mr. Sahed If absolutely discharged, Dr. Chan testified that Mr. Sahed had advised that he intended to continue taking his antipsychotic medication, with Mr. Sahed planning to connect with an outpatient nurse who would administer his medication once monthly.
Since receiving his LAI medication, Dr. Chan testified that a significant change has occurred with Mr. Sahed’s demeanour having improved – he is no longer pushy with or antagonistic towards others.
Dr. Chan added that Mr. Sahed’s mother had also reported seeing improvement in Mr. Sahed’s mental health condition. She advised that their mother-child relationship had improved, they continue to see each other, with mother visiting and staying over with Mr. Sahed at his residence in Kingston. Likewise, Mr. Sahed has attended Montreal to visit and stay at his mother’s residence. At the end of October 2025, Mr. Sahed’s uncle from Algeria came to Montreal for a family visit. Mr. Sahed also attended and had a good visit, then successfully returned to Kingston without incident using public transit.
Dr. Chan testified that, should the Board grant Mr. Sahed an Absolute Discharge Disposition following the current hearing, it was Dr. Cahn’s understanding that Mr. Sahed’s plan was to vacate his current Kingston apartment at the expiration of his residential tenancy in May 2026, then move back to Montreal to initially reside at his mother’s residence.
It was Dr. Chan’s further understanding that, on his return to Montreal, Mr. Sahed intended to resume employment as a food delivery person using his own vehicle. As well, once formally financially sound, Mr. Sahed indicated that he would seek to arrange for his own independent living accommodation.
Dr. Chan testified that Mr. Sahed’s taking of his current antipsychotic medication regimen was “vital” to manage Mr. Sahed’s risk to public safety. According to Dr. Chan, all of the (criminal) offences previously committed by Mr. Sahed’s were due to the relapse of Mr. Sahed’s major mental illness, namely, bipolar disorder. It was Dr. Cahn’s professional opinion that Mr. Sahed’s medication now makes a world of difference for Mr. Sahed.
Dr. Chan added that any risk to public safety revolves around Mr. Sahed’s behaviour while operating a motor vehicle, which, in the past, led to a number of motor vehicle driving offences. According to Dr. Chan, during those times, Mr. Sahed presented in a manic state, with him being very impulsive and refusing to cooperate with authorities. An example of this was when Mr. Sahed got into trouble in Valleyfield, Quebec while he was AWOL from PCH. In retrospective, Dr. Chan asserted that Mr. Sahed was not well at that time.
Dr. Chan opined that he is supporting at this time Mr. Sahed being granted an Absolute Discharge Disposition from the Board given that Mr. Sahed no longer represents a significant risk to the safety of the public. As the bases for Dr. Chan’s opinion, Dr. Chan noted that, for the past two years, Mr. Sahed has been continuously taking his prescribed antipsychotic medication regimen (including taking the LAI version of the medication for the past year), has remained mentally stable, has stayed away from consuming cannabis, and has kept in touch with his treatment team members throughout this period.
In response to questions posed by Mr. Scott, on behalf of the Attorney General of Ontario, Dr. Chan acknowledged his understanding that Mr. Sahed continues to have an outstanding warrant for his arrest in Valleyfield, Quebec, and did know the status of those outstanding proceedings. Dr. Cahn was unaware of the status of Mr. Sahed’s driving privileges in the Province of Quebec.
Dr. Chan agreed that all of Mr. Sahed’s prior dangerous driving behaviour occurred when Mr. Sahed was found to be in a manic state. Dr. Chan agreed with some of the highlights of Mr. Sahed’s previous reasonably developed pattern of risky and dangerous driving behaviour when mentally unwell, all of which had the potential for catastrophic consequences for the safety of both Mr. Sahed and members of the public. These included, as examples, Mr. Sahed’s finding of NCR for dangerous driving behaviour in Quebec in 2009, and his subsequent Absolute Discharge Disposition in 2013; the commission of the current index offences in 2016, again driving related offences that put the public at risk, and which led to another NCR finding; followed by, in 2017, when Mr. Sahed was subject to a Conditional Discharge Disposition for the current index offences, Mr. Sahed being convicted of serious driving offences in Montreal (hitting another vehicle and driving his vehicle directly towards a police officer), again very risky behaviour; and the outstanding events in Valleyfield, Quebec in 2023, which continue to remain without any final disposition at this time.
Dr. Chan testified that all of Mr. Sahed’s risk to public safety is tied to when he is in relapse of his mental illness symptoms, especially while he finds himself in a manic state. Dr. Chan asserted that Mr. Sahed’s risk at the present time is being mitigated by his current medication regimen and his abstinence from cannabis consumption. According to Dr. Chan, Mr. Sahed has had a historical problem with cannabis use – it “pushes him over the edge” with respect to his propensity to relapse.
Dr. Chan reported that Mr. Sahed had started using cannabis again in 2016-17.
In 2021, while he was visiting family in Algeria, Mr. Sahed had a relapse of his mental illness condition, with him experiencing, once again, a manic episode, and requiring him to be taken to hospital during that visit.
Dr. Chan agreed that Mr. Sahed has experienced multiple relapses following his cannabis use over the course of a lengthy period, including in 2023.
It was noted that, during the early stages of Mr. Sahed’s PCH supervision and treatment following his NCR verdict respecting the index offences, specifically in 2016-17, Mr. Sahed appeared to have some insight by recognizing that cannabis use would cause him to have a relapse of the symptoms of his diagnosed mental illness condition leading to damaging consequences. Mr. Sahed was also at that time undergoing rehabilitation programming for his substance addiction problems. Dr. Cahn further agreed that, at that same time, Mr. Sahed kept saying the right things to members of his treatment team, not unlike similar statements he is making at the present time to the team.
However, Dr. Chan responded by indicating that the difference was that, in 2017, Mr. Sahed apparently did not appreciate his mental health diagnosis and was not receiving any antipsychotic medication at the time. Whereas, at the present time, Mr. Sahed has come around to appreciate his mental health diagnosis. He is presently in a better mental state according to Dr. Chan, with Mr. Sahed apparently possessing a more optimistic viewpoint about his mental health circumstances.
In the past, Dr. Chan agreed that it was difficult to discern what mental illness condition Mr. Sahed suffered from as he had a tendency to fool others by his presentation. Additionally, Dr. Chan agreed that over the past period Mr. Sahed had the ability to be deceptive with members of his treatment team.
In the early stages of his treatment, Dr. Cahn noted that Mr. Sahed was quite “pushy,” claiming that he had been placed in the wrong system. Whereas he now presents as a different person equipped with better insight.
If the Board were to determine that Mr. Sahed continues to represent a significant threat to public safety and orders he be subject to a Conditional Discharge Disposition, Dr. Chan was asked whether PCH would be able to manage Mr. Sahed if he were to move to live in Montreal. Dr. Chan advised that he believed Mr. Sahed would return to PCH for follow-up treatment with Dr. Chan, or, alternatively, PCH could forensically monitor Mr. Sahed by Zoom, with his treatment (i.e. administration of medication) being re-assigned to a local mental health clinic in Montreal.
Dr. Chan agreed that, should Mr. Sahed return to cannabis use (and depending upon the quantities consumed), Mr. Sahed would relapse into a manic state of his mental illness within days.
Dr. Chan did not disagree with the evidence demonstrating Mr. Sahed’s history as an outpatient of, more often than not, stopping his prescribed antipsychotic medication regimen as compared to staying on his medication. Following Mr. Sahed’s original NCR finding in 2009, he was advised by his treating physician in Quebec to continue taking his prescribed medication but did not follow that advice and stopped, then eventually committed the current 2016 NCR offences; followed by a full-blown manic state while visiting Algeria, then a further relapse in 2023.
Dr. Chan agreed that the real risk would be that Mr. Sahed return to live in Montreal, stops taking his prescribed medication, and/or resumes consuming cannabis, which, in turn, would lead to a relapse of his mental illness. Dr. Chan hoped that Mr. Sahed would not follow that course of action, knowing his previous experiences.
Dr. Chan agreed that Mr. Sahed has only returned to visit in Montreal on one occasion since last year’s Disposition was issued.
In response to questions posed by Mr. Boudreau, counsel for Mr. Sahed, Dr. Chan testified that Mr. Sahed now has insight to not consume cannabis in order to avoid a relapse of his mental illness condition. Mr. Sahed has clearly said he will not go back to consuming cannabis.
Following delays with disability pension funding issues from two provincial funding system sources, Mr. Sahed finally received Ontario funding in the Spring 2025 to assist with his ability to live in the community; everything is going well while he currently resides in the community.
Dr. Chan testified that PCH has contacted Mr. Sahed’s general practitioner (“GP”) in Montreal and confirmed that Mr. Sahed is a patient of that physician. It was also confirmed that this Montreal GP will be able to provide care to Mr. Sahed.
Dr. Chan agreed that, at present, Mr., Sahed appears willing to comply and is fully committed to his mental health concerns, including him wishing to stay well.
Dr. Chan was also questioned by some panel members of the Board. It was noted that the same risk assessment findings that were presented at last year’s review hearing were once again presented at this year’s review proceedings, without any further update. As a result, Dr. Chan was asked why, at this year’s review, his opinion concerning Mr. Sahed’s risk had changed from his previous year’s contrary opinion, despite being presented with the same, unaltered risk assessment findings. In response, Dr. Chan testified that no new, updated risk assessment had been obtained because of financial restraints. As well, all of the factors outlined in the risk assessment that justified concluding that Mr. Sahed continued to represent a significant risk have now been addressed, including as follows that Mr. Sahed:
-has now transitioned to the community where he has done extremely well; although the only activity Mr. Sahed did not agree with was to secure employment;
-has been steadily compliant with his prescribed antipsychotic medication regimen;
-has maintained substance use abstinence;
-has insight into his mental health condition;
-has continue his mental health stability given his awareness
Dr. Chan testified that, from the narrower clinical perspective, given Mr. Sahed’s current level of insight, awareness of his cannabis struggles, and the fact that he is doing well, there is no need to undertake obtaining an updated risk assessment.
When asked whether Mr. Sahed’s recent time spent living in the community (approximately seven months) was sufficient to justify granting Mr. Sahed an Absolute Discharge, Dr. Chan indicated that, from a clinical perspective, he feels that Mr. Sahed is doing well. Dr. Chan added that it is always better to have a longer period of observation time of a patient, but Dr. Chan felt that Mr. Sahed will do well, which is the same opinion held by Mr. Sahed’s family.
Dr. Chan acknowledged that, when Mr. Sahed returns to Montreal, he will need to address his outstanding charges, as well as arrange for his medication treatment regimen.
Dr. Chan indicated that his personal contact with Mr. Sahed’s mother was restricted to last year’s review hearing session, followed by the current review hearing proceeding. At last year’s review, Mr. Sahed’s mother advised Dr. Chan that she did not believe Mr. Sahed was ready to be let go from the Board’s oversight.
Dr. Chan agreed that, while Mr. Sahed remained AWOL from the Board’s oversight for approximately six years, there was no effort of the family to report his whereabouts, as well as Mr. Sahed acknowledged to have gotten himself into further trouble with the law (including the outstanding Valleyfield, Que. Charges when Mr. Sahed stole his mother’s car, tried to escape from a police pursuit, including him driving at the police.
Dr. Chan further testified that Mr. Sahed claimed that his licence remains valid at present in the Province of Quebec.
Dr. Chan agreed that, currently as a 36-year-old-man, Mr. Sahed has approximately eighteen years of psychiatric history, with his first time being recognized when he was eighteen years old. While Mr. Sahed is currently subject to a Detention Order Disposition from the Ontario Review Board, he currently is facing charges in both Ontario and (more serious ones) in Quebec. He previously received an Absolute Discharge in 2013 from the Quebec Review Board following an NCR finding in that province, and following which, in 2016, be became manic, got into further trouble, which again resulted in another NCR finding. In eighteen years, Mr. Sahed has committed many offences, even during his AWOL from 2016 to 2023, when he made no effort to contact his treatment team at PCH. It has only been in the last two years that he apparently now accepts his diagnosis of bipolar disorder, his need for ongoing treatment with antipsychotic medication, and his abstinence for using cannabis. Dr. Chan agreed that having more time to monitor Mr. Sahed is better considering his background history.
Also, with Mr. Sahed’s above-noted history, Dr. Chan acknowledged that bipolar patients, in general, can put on a show (and say the right things), but still stop taking their prescribed medication and/or take substances which, in either case, causes them to suffer an immediate relapse, and, as in Mr. Sahed’s case, commit further offences.
Dr. Chan testified that Mr. Sahed is not from this jurisdiction. He plans to return to school. His mother is a trained architect. However, Dr. Chan agreed that, presently (while Mr. Sahed resides in Kingston), he is not making full use of the opportunities that exist.
Dr. Chan noted that to consider transferring Mr. Sahed’s mental health care to the Review Board in Quebec is a very complicated legal process, which take a long time and requires interprovincial cooperation.
In response to re-examination questions posed by Ms. Tom, Dr. Chan acknowledged that Mr. Sahed has only been properly medicated for his diagnosed mental health condition for approximately two years ago, originally on the advice of Mr. Sahed’s lawyer. Before that, Mr. Sahed felt he did not need treatment with the use of medication, until he became sick. The only period of appropriate treatment has been in the past two-year time period.
Any disputes that existed between Mr. Sahed and his brother, and which led to criminal charges being laid, have now been resolved, with the charges having been withdrawn and the brothers having since reconciled.
Viva Voce Evidence of Mr. Ilyes Sahed
Mr. Shad testified that he agreed with almost all of the contents of the Hospital Report filed as an exhibit at the review hearing.
Mr. Sahed testified that it had taken him sometime in his life to agree to his current mental health diagnosis of bipolar disorder, but in last two years he has now come to appreciate his diagnosis and the need for him to take medication for his illness for the rest of his life. Mr. Sahed noted that, if he stopped his medication, this would not be good at all, with him either becoming depressed or manic.
Mr. Sahed reported that his living in the community has been going well, with him attending two group therapy sessions, as well as attending the gym.
Mr., Sahed acknowledged that every time he used cannabis it caused problems for him. He stated he would never touch it again.
As for Mr. Sahed’s understanding of his mental illness condition (bipolar disorder), he testified that he has a problem with his mood if not stable or if he was to take drugs – his mood is higher (manic) or is lower (depressed). If his mood becomes either too high or too low, he becomes unwell.
If granted an Absolute Discharge Disposition following the current review hearing, Mr. Sahed claimed that he would contact his general practitioner to get help after explaining his mental health condition. If he returned to Montreal (which was his plan), he would go to a clinic to a psychiatrist’s referral and to receive his monthly LAI of medication.
In the last two years, Mr. Sahed reported that his mother has visited him once monthly. Given that he is in his own apartment in Kingston, when she visits, Mr. Sahed’s mother stays two to three days over a weekend period during her visits.
Mr. Sahed stated that his relationship with his mother is very good at present, with his mother indicating that Mr. Sahed is doing well.
Mr. Sahed plans to live with his mother if absolutely discharged from the Board’s oversight.
Mr. Sahed indicated that he has a residential lease in Kingston until May 2026. He plans to remain at that residence until the lease expires, taking his medication regimen and obtaining the support from PCH’s outpatient treatment team members, which will give him time to arrange for psychiatric care in Montreal.
Mr. Sahed claimed that he is currently not subject to any Canada-wide driving prohibitions, except as part of his current ORB Disposition. As a result, because of the current Disposition, he has not taken steps to renew his driver’s licence.
As for current and future employment pursuits, Mr. Sahed testified that he would return to Montreal to resume his delivery driver job, although recognizing that may be problematic if he has no driver’s licence. As an alternative, in Kingston, he tried working as a customer service person, but that caused him too much stress given that the employer wanted him to work full-time, while he only wanted to work part-time. Mr. Sahed also indicated that he performs music (with guitar and piano) on Tik-Tok which brings in a bit of revenue for his music content.
In response to questions for Mr. Scott, on behalf of the Attorney General, when it was brought to Mr. Sahed’s attention that he had told his treating psychiatrist in the past that he would not consume cannabis, yet started taking it a number of times, he responded by suggesting it was taken maybe two times.
When previously, in 2016-17, when Mr. Sahed had been placed on a Conditional Discharge Disposition by the ORB while residing in Montreal, Mr. Sahed was aware that cannabis consumption was bad for his mental health. However, he consumed cannabis at the time. In response, Mr. Sahed agreed that he had convinced his treatment team in Ontario that he would not smoke cannabis, but innocently (and not intentionally) was offered cannabis, and consumed it, while attending a nightclub. Mr. Sahed testified that, at that time, he was unsure about making the connection between cannabis use and its effect on his bipolar disorder diagnosis. Mr. Sahed also agreed that, presently, cannabis is readily available.
Mr. Sahed was also questioned about his medication treatment history, claiming that in 2016/17 he was unsure whether he suffered from bipolar disorder, and, therefore, not taking any prescribed medications.
Mr. Sahed was also reminded of his AWOL status for approximately some six-year period during which time he was aware that he needed to return to PCH, but Mr. Sahed testified that he had a new job and was afraid to lose his liberty/freedom if he returned to PCH.
In response to a question posed by a panel member, when asked if he would continue to comply with terms of either an ORB Detention Order or Conditional Discharge Disposition, Mr. Sahed indicated he would be opposed to one of those Dispositions, unless they were transferred to Quebec.
Closing Submissions
Counsel for all parties maintained their respective positions as outlined at the commencement of the hearing, Ms. Tom summarized the hospital’s position with the submission that, as outlined in the Hospital Report, Mr. Sahed no longer represents as a significant risk to the safety of the public, which entitles him to receive an Absolute Discharge Disposition for the Board.
Ms. Tom submitted that the previous significant concerns of Mr. Sahed’s impulsive behaviour (primarily involving dangerous driving behaviour while in a manic state, and often due to cannabis consumption), with Mr Sahed’s denial of his mental health condition and his refusal to take medication that put the public’s safety at risk have now changed in the past two years. The changes address the key risk factors previously raised.
Mr. Sahed has now embraced his bipolar diagnosis which he had previously resisted and now understands the full importance of maintaining wellness through aftercare and medication maintenance. Mr. Sahed intends to continue with this course when he returns to Montreal following the expiration of his Kingston residential lease in May 2026. He has been diligent with addiction recovery programming and fully understands the detriment of cannabis usage in triggering relapse. He is now consistently taking a LAI antipsychotic medication regimen to address his bipolar disorder diagnosis.
Ms. Tom added that, contrary to Mr. Sahed’s situation at last year’s review hearing, he has successfully transitioned to community living with necessary public financial support. He has demonstrated by his community living for the past seven or so months that he is stable in his mental state functioning. He transitioned, not to a specialized supportive housing setting, but directly to independent housing. He has fulfilled the requirements to demonstrate that he can succeed with community living and manage his life independently with support, including that provided by his family as a result of their differences having been resolved. He continues to engage in support programming.
Ms. Tom submitted that these changes, which Mr. Sahed has embraced for the past two years, have demonstrated a significant difference in Mr. Sahed’s compliance response, which, in turn, suggest that he no longer represents a significant risk.
Mr. Boudreau, on behalf of Mr. Sahed, continues to adopt the hospital’s position, as well as adding that Mr. Sahed’s current behaviour is very different from his past conduct. There are no behavioural issues noted for Mr. Sahed. Mr. Sahed has now achieved clinical stability. He is fully compliant with his prescribed medication regimen. He is no longer displaying any manic symptoms. There is no evidence he is using cannabis, even though the substance is readily available in the community. His history of experiencing mania linked to substance use was due to lack of insight. His insight has improved such that his medication compliance is concrete. Mr. Sahed no longer wishes to use marijuana as he now appreciates the connection of cannabis use with his mental illness.
Mr. Boudreau added that Mr. Sahed intends to remain in the Kingston community until his lease expires, regardless of whether he remains subject to the Board’s Disposition.
Mr. Sahed has fully complied with his Disposition, which he no longer perceived as a hurdle as it was in the past.
Mr. Boudreau submitted that the protections needed for the public’s safety are no longer needed, given that Mr. Sahed no longer represents a significant risk. The Board is reminded of the requirements of s. 672.54 of the Criminal Code, as well as the principles outlined in the Supreme Court of Canada’s Winko decision, 2 S.C.R. 625. At present, with Mr. Sahed no longer representing a significant threat, his rights must be respected.
Mr. Scott, on behalf of the Attorney General, submits that Mr. Sayed continues to represent a significant threat to the safety of the public, with the appropriate Disposition for the Board’s consideration being a Conditional Discharge for the coming reporting period, with a reporting condition.
Mr. Scott submitted that, while it has been reported that Mr. Sahed has been keeping well during the past reporting period, that is not the issue that governs what needs to be decided by the Board going forward.
It was Mr. Scott’s contention that there are a number of red flags to be considered in respect of Mr. Sahed. It is well grounded in the evidence presented before the Board that Mr. Sahed presents with a long-standing history of non-compliance with his prescribed medication regimen, as well as ongoing cannabis use. This behaviour presents with a real risk moving forward. If this behaviour does occur, Mr. Sahed’s history demonstrates that he would suffer a relapse of his mental illness with catastrophic results. The best predictor of future behaviour of someone like Mr. Sahed is the past conduct of such an individual.
Mr. Scott submitted that Mr. Sahed has a lengthy track record of becoming involved in some very serious criminal conduct and/or other risky behaviour while he presented in a manic state following nonadherence to his medication and, in some instances, after having consumed cannabis. The behaviour started in 2009 in Quebec (the original driving offences that led to an NCR finding, followed by the granting of an Absolute Discharge Disposition in 2013), the 2016 index offences, the 2017 Montreal driving offences, and the outstanding 2023 driving offences that occurred in Quebec.
At last year’s review hearing, it was considered “early days” for granting Mr. Sahed an Absolute Discharge Disposition, as he continued to represent a significant threat to public safety at the time. According to Mr. Scott, Mr. Sahed ought not be granted an Absolute Discharge presently, as he continues to represent a similar threat. As his repeated history of behaviour reveals, Mr. Sahed becomes non-compliant with his medication and/or uses cannabis, which then leads to Mr. Sahed becoming a significant threat to the safety of the public and is a real danger.
Mr. Scott further contended that, from a clinical approach Dr. Chan’s view was that Mr. Sahed no longer represents a significant threat after having been residing in the community without issues for approximately seven months. However, the Board needs to recognize the findings made by Dr. Rose in her formal risk assessment report noting Mr. Sahed’s pattern and history of exhibiting dangerous behaviour when unwell.
Mr. Scott submitted that this is not a case where the issue of the timing of good behaviour should be a compelling factor to demonstrate that Mr. Sahed no longer represents a significant threat. Mr. Scott referenced that how, in the past, Mr. Sahed’s diagnostic presentation can be deceptive, including when Mr. Sahed appeared as convincing to his treatment team in 2017, with Mr. Sahed saying all the right things, including Mr. Sahed claiming he had insight into his mental health diagnosis as well as his recognition that he ought not use cannabis, a triggering factor towards him experiencing mania, all of which led to him being granted a Conditional Discharge at that time. Mr. Scott submitted that the Board ought to be cautious when considering Mr. Sahed’s testimony.
Analysis and Conclusions of the Board
Significant Threat to the Safety of the Public
On the first issue, despite the able arguments put forward by Ms. Tom, on behalf of the hospital, and Mr. Boudreau, on behalf of Mr. Sahed, this panel of the Board agrees with the position taken by Mr. Scott, on behalf of the Attorney General, such that we unanimously find that, at this time, Mr. Sahed continues to represent a significant threat to the safety of the public.
The term “significant threat” is defined in s. 672.5401 of the Criminal Code as “a risk of serious physical or psychological harm to a member of the public … resulting from conduct that is criminal in nature but not necessarily violent.” A significant threat finding must be guided by the principles of law established in Winko v. British Columbia (Forensic Psychiatric Institute), 1999 CanLII 694 (SCC), [1999] 2 S.C.R. 625, as applied and elaborated in numerous judicial decisions since then. To state this jurisprudence in only a nutshell: A finding of significant threat cannot be speculative; it must be based on evidence. It requires positive findings, supported by the evidence, that the threat that a person would engage in criminal conduct is a “real” threat, and that the harm this conduct would cause would be “serious.” Both findings are required: Neither a miniscule risk of grave harm, nor a high risk of trivial harm, is sufficient to find a real threat of serious harm
On this issue, noted first is the evidence of Mr. Sahed's clinical progress this year alone, followed by the contextual evidence supporting a positive finding of significant threat at this time.
Dr. Chan's initial risk assessment was focused on the major positive turn-around Mr. Sahed had made while in hospital prior to his placement in the community in May 2025. In December 2023, he began medication treatment and agreed to an LAI formulation, which he continues to take. Since then, he appears to have made a significant shift. He has progressed even more successfully than anticipated. His medication is managing his illness effectively, with no side effect problems, and he remains, to this date, fully compliant with this medication regimen. Mr. Sahed has been developing insight into his risk, the toll taken by his criminal offences, and his need for life-long medication to prevent relapses into mania. There have been no cannabis use concerns, and never any concern about interpersonal assaultive behaviour.
Dr. Chan strongly contrasted Mr. Sahed's very good clinical presentation this year from the many years before, including in 2023 in hospital, when he adamantly rejected medication and passionately argued for his own control. Following Mr. Sahed’s counsel’s initial advice to Mr. Sahed in 2023 to start taking the medication (initially in oral formulation, now by LAI), Dr. Chan's evidence is that all of Mr. Sahed’s passion and arguments have eased off. He is less prone to push back against Dr. Chan. He has no problems at all with his medication, which he agrees is helping him. He is doing fine, with not one bit of relapse seen these past two years.
Also, Dr. Chan came to realize that Mr. Sahed's passion and arguments against medication and the Board's control were in fact early symptoms of his relapse into mania. This was not recognized before, with the result that no steps were taken under the Mental Health Act, when, in hindsight, Mr. Sahed had been in such a state and, for example, had refused to return to hospital in 2017 or left hospital against medical advice in July 2023, or remained in this state in hospital in December 2023, at the time of a previous Board hearing. This diagnostic insight should lead to better management of his relapse risk going forward, although it might be challenging for Mr. Sahed, and for a psychiatrist who does not know him, to recognize these low-grade symptoms of his emerging mania. We note that his mother seems able to recognize them.
Turning to the significant threat issue, at the current hearing (unlike his position noted at the previous year’s hearing), Dr. Chan reassessed Mr. Sahed as no longer presenting as a significant threat to the safety of the public, based on the changes in his risk over the past two years, and, significantly, during the past seven months while Mr. Sahed has been residing in the community (as compared to the secured structured and supervised hospital setting provided prior to May 2025), without incident. It was Dr. Chan’s contention that, at present, there is no longer a real risk that Mr. Sahed will again engage in seriously harmful criminal conduct in the community.
In giving his reassessment, Dr. Chan, as he had done at last year’s review hearing, expressly took into account the same Psychological Risk Assessment Report provided by Dr. Rose, a thorough assessment which Dr. Chan noted to be more broadly focused and detailed, than his narrower clinical assessment of the past year alone, in considering Mr. Sahed's full risk history in the community. It was Dr. Chan’s opinion that the risk factors noted in Dr. Rose’s assessment have now been adequately addressed.
The concerns in Mr. Sahed's risk history can be seen, on the evidence, to be three-fold.
First, the risk factors are multiple and serious. They include the nature of his bipolar illness, with characteristic cycles of mania and, most crucially, Mr. Sahed's refusing or stopping medication treatment recommended to manage these cycles (which he is considered capable of deciding); the relapses in his bipolar illness into phases of mania, with serious symptoms including psychosis; his resulting loss of what insight he had into his illness, risk, and need for medication, and his cannabis use which exacerbates his symptoms.
The panel notes that Mr. Sahed’s insight has developed significantly compared to when he was first admitted to PCH. The testimony of both Dr. Chan and Mr. Sahed indicated that Mr. Sahed currently realizes that taking medication means being well, and he is to be commended for that. As Dr. Chan stated, Mr. Sahed “gets it now,” making this time different from past relapses. What was not clear was whether Mr. Sahed’s current insight extends to an appreciation that being well as a result of medication adherence also mitigates the risk of serious harm to others, or that his past actions on multiple occasions after choosing to stop his antipsychotic medication resulted in destabilization of his mental illness and highly dangerous behaviours that could have had catastrophic results to other people.
The limits on his insight related to risk of harm to others is compounded by Mr. Sahed’s current limited community engagement. More time living in the community while continuing to interact with his treatment team would offer Mr. Sahed time, opportunity, and support to engage more fully and meaningfully with others, whether through work, groups, or volunteering.
Second, the pattern in his risk history, with a number of repetitions of these risk factors, has been both longstanding and recent. The evidence presented at the hearing demonstrates that Mr. Sahed has a reasonably long-lasting pattern of dangerous driving and risk. It has recurred since he was about nineteen or twenty years old, in his first index offences in 2009, until well into his adulthood, at age thirty-four in his most recent dangerous driving charges in July 2023.
Highlights in this risk history are summarized as follows: concern about Mr. Sahed's poor medication management was noted in 2013, in Quebec. His February 2016 dangerous driving charges on CN railway involved his relapse into mania and apparent cannabis use; his March 2016 index offences came soon after, on his being bailed and returned home. In 2017, the same risk factors led quickly to his disconnecting from hospital and Board, dangerous offences, and custodial sentence served in 2018. In 2020, after a relapse and suspected cannabis use, he then improved when hospitalized and receiving medication. He stopped medication at some point during the next two years back in the community. After his 2023 arrest came the reckless driving charges in Marathon, Ontario, on June 6, 2023, his return by police to hospital, and his leaving five days later against medical advice. In the community again, he stopped taking his medication, there were property-related charges within days, and his mental state deteriorated. On July 17, 2023, came his most recent dangerous driving charges in Valleyfield, Quebec. On August 2, 2023, he stole his mother's car to drive to Vancouver; was arrested in northern Ontario on property charges, with cannabis in his possession, and was returned to hospital on August 5, 2023, under a Board Warrant of Arrest.
At the time of his Board hearing in December 2023, this risk history pattern – of relapse in his untreated illness, cannabis use, and loss of insight, leading to dangerous criminal conduct – was recent and clear, having recurred in June and July 2023, not long before his final re-arrest. This was determinative of the imposition of his Detention Order Disposition starting in 2023, with cannabis, driving, and weapons prohibitions, local community passes, and a community living provision.
Third, it is when living in the community that Mr. Sahed's risk has materialized and led to criminal conduct, and not when he has been detained in hospital or closely supervised under a Board order.
This was clear from his risk history. As also elaborated in Dr. Rose's Report, his history included instances when Mr. Sahed relapsed and engaged in serious criminal conduct in the community, even after he appeared to be stable and doing well. For example, in 2017 – after well over a year of stability under his May 2016 Detention Order Disposition, after he initially stayed in hospital, and then in the community, and after having completed a course of CBT treatment (with a relapse prevention plan in place, and showing insight into his symptoms, index offences, and risks), and then being Conditionally Discharged in June 2017 – by the fall of 2017, he had moved to Montreal, resumed cannabis use, begun to relapse, refused to return to hospital for assessment, and committed the criminal offences within a month.
In another and more recent example, there were about two years or more of no reported criminal conduct – from the time he stopped his medication after being stabilized on it in hospital in 2020 – until his criminal charges in June 2023, followed by his leaving hospital AMA, stopping his medication, his commission of further serious charges in July 2023, and cannabis possession two weeks later. As this example shows, his history also includes instances when he was seen to improve on medication, such as in his 2020 hospitalization after an episode of mania.
Given this notable history of his heightened serious risk when in the community, the Board concludes that it is essential that Mr. Sahed’s progress and the changes in his risk factors be tested and demonstrated while residing in the community for a period longer than the current seven month or so period at the time of the current hearing. It would be unrealistic to assume, with this history, that Mr. Sahed could simply carry over his recent major changes in hospital, then in the community and, on his own, manage his risks in the face of the numerous likely challenges for him there. He will naturally need a much longer period of time and practice in responding to the inevitable challenges in the community, with the close oversight and guidance of his forensic treatment team while he does that.
However, regrettably, this community engagement was not as full as it could have been in order for Mr. Sahed to realistically test out and demonstrate his ability to manage his risk on his own in the community for a more extended period of time than experienced to date. The shortfall in his community experience was due in good part to the lack of ODSP funding caused by the various delays in processing his application. This delayed the steps to put a community residence in place and to prepare, guide, and oversee Mr. Sahed in his transition to community living there. Of course, that has now changed with adequate funding having been being finally established and resulting in Mr. Sahed’s ability to live independently in the Kingston community for the past several months.
Mr. Sahed explained that the lack of funding also prevented him from engaging more in the community, and Dr. Chan did not doubt his explanation for this part of the problem. However, his poor community engagement was also due in part to his own lack of initiative and commitment. This aspect of the problem was outlined in Dr. Rose's Report. During the past two years, prior to his transition to community living, while Mr. Sahed remained at PCH, it disappointed Dr. Chan that Mr. Sahed had not, for example, made an effort to go out for walks. Rather than fully using his community passes, Mr. Sahed spent a lot of time in gaming and other computer pastimes in hospital and sleeping a great deal (with no health reason for that), including through his 2024 pre-hearing conference. He only ventured out to go to the gym or library, as well as tending to sleep in until lunchtime. We find on the evidence that Mr. Sahed could have engaged more fully in activities demonstrating his stability in the community, while awaiting the ODSP funding decision.
The evidence at this year’s hearing also revealed that, according to Mr. Sahed, he attends two group therapy sessions, as well as attending the gym. However, when it came to pursuing employment, Mr. Sahed testified that, in Kingston, he tried working as a customer service person, but it caused him too much stress given that the employer wanted him to work full-time, even though he only wanted to work part-time.
In the result, the delays in Mr. Sahed's community engagement and steps to community living make these still early days in his being able to demonstrate that his progress this past year will translate into stable positive changes in his risks, which remain current concerns while he is in the early phase of his community living arrangement. In Mr. Sahed’s particular case, the Board agrees with Dr. Chan’s testimony that, from a clinical perspective, while Dr. Chan feels that Mr. Sahed is doing well, it is always better to have a longer period of observation time of a patient.
Based on the whole of the evidence, especially with Mr. Sahed having the experience of only seven months or so of independent community living, we find there is a real risk that, without hospital oversight under the jurisdiction of the Board at this time, Mr. Sahed would not be able to manage his reoffence risks on his own, and there is a real risk that the following scenario would unfold again: he would (1) stop taking recommended medication, which is crucial for his stability and risk management, and avoid other treatment support and fall away from mental health care, forensic or non-forensic; (2) relapse into a phase of mania, with serious symptoms including psychosis; (3) lose what insight he had into his illness, symptoms, need for ongoing medication, and the risk of cannabis use for him; (4) use cannabis, exacerbating his symptoms; (5) avoid restrictions on his independence, including by his surety or by police; (7) be unable to establish and maintain a safe and stable life in the community, and (8) engage in seriously harmful criminal conduct towards a member of the public, similar to the extremely dangerous driving in his index offences and other criminal offences and charges, including in 2016, 2017, and 2023.
The seriousness of the harm is obvious. It is potentially catastrophic. It has put not only Mr. Sahed but others who happen to be in his vicinity – including police, children, construction workers, and other drivers and passengers – at real risk of grave or fatal injury, with little chance to save themselves. To properly protect the safety of the public requires Mr. Sahed's continued oversight under the Board’s jurisdiction at this time and for the upcoming reporting period.
Disposition for the Year Ahead
On the second issue, we agree with Mr. Scott’s able submission that a Conditional Discharge Disposition, is the necessary and appropriate Disposition for the year ahead.
The need for a Conditional Discharge, at this point in his rehabilitation and his early steps of experiencing community integration, is clear from Mr. Sahed's risk history, and notably his history when he had been in the community under another Conditional Discharge, in 2017 (which led to his non-compliance and AWOL status for six years) and the years after that, and again, most recently in 2023. Each time, Mr. Sahed broke his Disposition conditions. Each time, he either did not return to hospital when requested or he left a voluntary admission against medical advice, not wanting to lose his freedom. Both times, the Mental Health Act was apparently insufficient to return him or keep him in hospital, for assessment, risk management, and potential treatment.
At the current review hearing, the Board concludes that these continue to be early days in Mr. Sahed's rehabilitation and progress while experiencing community living. It is entirely reasonable that time is needed for him to develop, test, and demonstrate, in the community, the changes he has been making in his risky conduct. His success and ongoing stability, and thus the safety of the public, depend on his progressing well now in the community, under expert guidance and oversight, and benefiting from it. According to Dr. Chan and the outpatient treatment team, this has been Mr. Sahed’s demonstrated behaviour to date, which is encouraging to all concerned.
Mr. Sahed will need well-structured housing and treatment team support as he enters more fully into community activity and life. Dr. Chan noted the need for Mr. Sahed to have a structured framework to maintain his stability and to progress in the community now, and this is well supported by the evidence.
With respect to the terms of his new Disposition, the current terms relating to driving and substance use prohibitions remain essential. He will be able to engage in structured community activities and programs. He will have the opportunity to face challenges and to demonstrate his ability to manage his risks and remain stable, to benefit from rehabilitation and other programs, and to establish a pro-social life in the community and seek the appropriate supports he needs there.
The proposed additional passes extending to Montreal, are also essential to enable Mr. Sahed to demonstrate his readiness to integrate safely and stably into what has been his home community. His mother has shown her strong support for her son, and her understanding of his risk and illness, including his early symptoms of relapse. It is apparent that she, her son, and his forensic treatment team with Dr. Chan, have all been working well together throughout this past year, and in considering steps for the coming year.
The plans for the year ahead will include Mr. Sahed taking further steps to demonstrate that he is able to reliably engage in the community and live stably and well there. As Dr. Chan put it, to demonstrate Mr. Sahed’s eligibility for an absolute discharge, there are a lot of variables to consider: the reliability of his medication adherence lifelong, his grasp of his risk of harming others through his dangerous driving, the risk of cannabis use for him, and his ability to develop and maintain insight into all these factors, and to act on that insight. To show he can stay on the path he is on now while experiencing community living conditions, Mr. Sahed will need to demonstrate his ability to maintain his improvements made in hospital and more recently in the community, and progress further with respect to other necessary changes he has not yet made and do this with increasing independence and personal responsibility.
Lack of insight – into his illness, symptoms, risk of harm to others, need for medication, and the risk of cannabis use for him – has been a repeated serious risk factor for Mr. Sahed. Losing his insight when he relapses into a phase of mania – including losing it quite quickly and combining that with cannabis use – is a well-documented risk factor throughout his history. In the HCR-20 results noted in Dr. Rose's Report, his "insight" was indicated to be currently present, but only "possibly or partially" so.
Medication was effective, in 2020 and for some time thereafter, and now since December 2023, in managing his cyclical phases of mania. His very poor medication acceptance was described by Dr. Chan as underlying all his "ups and downs" since his absolute discharge in 2013 in Quebec. He has been adhering to the LAI form of the medicine this past year. It will be crucial that he demonstrate the reliability of his long-term adherence while living in the community.
Mr. Sahed seems to have never yet come to grips with the very serious threat to others of his dangerous driving. Nor has he yet demonstrated that he understands the risk for him of cannabis use: he has historically minimized it and paid only "lip service" to the problem. At the previous Board hearing in 2023, Dr. Chan acknowledged that cannabis use disorder might be considered as a separate diagnosis for Mr. Sahed. His risk of cannabis use in the community has only been tested for some many months but otherwise untested, especially should Mr. Sahed eventually return to his home community of Montreal. While cannabis use was once viewed as the trigger of his relapses, prior to this year's diagnostic insight into his early symptoms of emerging mania, there has been no change in the clinical concern respecting its role in exacerbating his symptoms of mania and his loss of insight and treatment adherence.
Other possible risk concerns might be thought worthwhile to consider this year, such as Mr. Sahed’s ability to establish a stable income and pro-social peers and community life.
Another possible risk concern raised in Dr. Rose's Report relates to the idea that some of Mr. Sahed's risky behaviour and criminal conduct might reflect aspects of antisocial traits. Those noted include Mr. Sahed's disregard for legal authority (including of police and Board dispositions) and disregard for the safety and lives of others. The extremes he has gone to in dangerous driving (including using a car as a weapon of intimidation against a police officer), in order to prevent being thwarted in his plans and deprived of his personal freedom by arrest or detention, might be seen to go beyond even an analogy to intoxicated driving.
Also noted were Mr. Sahed's minimizing his risks and his actions, being unable to take personal responsibility for them (such as having asserted he did what was required of him even as he cut off contact with the hospital and Ontario forensic system), and overall failing to engage and progress in treatment and risk self-management. These failings have persisted well into his adulthood, as noted above, from the age of about twenty at the time of his first index offences in 2009, to thirty-four at the time of his most recent dangerous driving charges in 2023. From his ongoing attendance at relevant programming during his more recent time in hospital, as well as now while he is living in the community, it appears he may be learning from his experience and maturing to the point where he is able and motivated to make concrete, lasting changes in his risk pattern.
It remains to note the strengths and positive outlook for Mr. Sahed as he moves forward this year. We agree with this aspect of his counsel's submissions at the hearing.
Mr. Sahed has been working well with Dr. Chan and his other outpatient treatment team members, and they are clearly supportive of him and optimistic about his future progress. Dr. Chan was a very strong advocate for Mr. Sahed. Dr. Chan highlighted how very well Mr. Sahed has done throughout this past year, in a major positive turn-around from his past circumstances. Dr. Rose, while of the strong view that his progress must be further demonstrated while living in the community, agreed in her Report that Mr. Sahed has done well in important respects this past year.
In addition, Mr. Sahed has always had the strong and active support of his mother, who understands his circumstances well, has been there for him with practical assistance, has been his surety, and has been working with his treatment team for the best outcomes for him. Mr. Sahed has also resolved any disputes he had with his brother, such that his brother is also now an additional supportive family member for Mr. Sahed. It is also hoped that while Mr. Sahed continues to live in the community, with structure and with guidance from his team, he may well have the opportunity to develop other positive supports in his life.
We agree with the submissions of his counsel respecting Mr. Sahed's very encouraging picture right now, and his potential for a bright future. We wish all the best to Mr. Sahed, and to Dr. Chan and the rest of his treatment team, and his family and other community supports, in their work together in the year ahead.
Accordingly, Mr. Sahed is ordered by the Board for the upcoming reporting period to be subject to a Conditional Discharge Disposition with the necessary and appropriate conditions and privileges as are stated in the Board’s formal Order.
In making this Disposition, the Board carefully considered the joint position of the parties, the evidence of Dr. Chan, and the contents of the Hospital Report entered as an exhibit at the hearing and is satisfied that this determination is both necessary and appropriate. The Board reviewed the provisions of sections 672.54 and 672.5401 of the Criminal Code and carefully considered the need to protect the public from dangerous persons (with the public’s safety being the Board’s paramount consideration), Mr. Sahed’s mental condition, and his reintegration into society and his other needs.
We wish all the best to Mr. Sahed in this year ahead, in his work with his treatment team, and in his time with his supportive family members.
DATED this 4th day of February 2026, at the City of Toronto, in the Toronto Region.
Mr. J. Hanbidge Alternate Chairperson
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Office of the Registrar Ontario Review Board