1171-01-U Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Applicants v. CAW-Canada and Its Local 385; United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, Local 393W; Tom Park, James Ball, Charlie Laidlow, Carlos Garcia, Derricks Stairs, Wayne Fraser Responding Parties.
BEFORE: David A. McKee, Vice-Chair.
DECISION OF THE BOARD; July 20, 2001
This is an application under section 100 of the Labour Relations Act, 1995 (the “Act”) that was filed with the Board on November 15, 2000.
The applicant employer asserts:
that a number of "employees" at the Overlea Boulevard plant in Toronto are engaging in an unlawful strike;
that the UFCW and the CAW and their officials have called, authorized and threatened that unlawful strike;
that those officials have taken steps to counsel, procure, support or encourage the unlawful strike; and finally
that various "persons" are doing acts which they know or ought to know will induce employees to engage in an unlawful strike.
The employer seeks a declaration that this strike activity is unlawful, as well as a direction prohibiting that unlawful conduct.
At this stage the employer's application is a mere allegation. There has, as yet, been no hearing to establish the employer's assertions or to consider what remedy should flow if they are proven to be true. On the other hand, the scheme of the Labour Relations Act certainly suggests that any strike or threatened strike at the Overlea Boulevard plant would be unlawful at this time. The relevant provisions of the Act read as follows:
[Strike Definition]
- (1) In this Act,
"strike" includes a cessation of work, a refusal to work or to continue to work by employees in combination or in concert or in accordance with a common understanding, or a slow‑down or other concerted activity on the part of employees designed to restrict or limit output.
[All Collective Agreements must have a “no-strike” clause]
- Every collective agreement shall be deemed to provide that there will be no strikes or lock‑outs so long as the agreement continues to operate.
[Employer-employee disputes must be arbitrated]
- (1) Every collective agreement shall provide for the final and binding settlement by arbitration, without stoppage of work, of all differences between the parties arising from the interpretation, application, administration or alleged violation of the agreement, including any question as to whether a matter is arbitrable.
[Employees Prohibition]
- (1) Where a collective agreement is in operation, no employee bound by the agreement shall strike and no employer bound by the agreement shall lock out such an employee.
(2) Where no collective agreement is in operation, no employee shall strike and no employer shall lock out an employee until the Minister has appointed a conciliation officer or a mediator under this Act and,
(a) seven days have elapsed after the day the Minister has released or is deemed pursuant to subsection 122(2) to have released to the parties the report of a conciliation board or mediator; or
(b) 14 days have elapsed after the day the Minister has released or is deemed pursuant to subsection 122(2) to have released to the parties a notice that he or she does not consider it advisable to appoint a conciliation board.
(6) No employee shall threaten an unlawful strike and no employer shall threaten an unlawful lock‑out of an employee.
[Trade unions must not sponsor strike activity]
- No trade union or council of trade unions shall call or authorize or threaten to call or authorize an unlawful strike and no officer, official or agent of a trade union or council of trade unions shall counsel, procure, support or encourage an unlawful strike or threaten an unlawful strike.
[Prohibition against persons causing strikes]
- (1) No person shall do any act if the person knows or ought to know that, as a probable and reasonable consequence of the act, another person or persons will engage in an unlawful strike or an unlawful lock-out.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to any act done in connection with a lawful strike or lawful lock-out.
[No reprisals for refusing to engage in an unlawful strike]
- No trade union shall suspend, expel or penalize in any way a member because the member has refused to engage in or to continue to engage in a strike that is unlawful under this Act.
[Declaration and direction by Board re unlawful strike]
- (1) Where, on the complaint of an interested person, trade union, council of trade unions or employers' organization, the Board is satisfied that a trade union or council of trade unions called or authorized or threatened to call or authorize an unlawful strike or that an officer, official or agent of a trade union or council of trade unions counselled or procured or supported or encouraged an unlawful strike or threatened an unlawful strike, or that employees engaged in or threatened to engage in an unlawful strike or any person has done or is threatening to do any act that the person knows or ought to know that, as a probable and reasonable consequence of the act, another person or persons will engage in an unlawful strike, it may direct what action, if any, a person, employee, employer, employers' organization, trade union or council of trade unions and their officers, officials or agents shall do or refrain from doing with respect to the unlawful strike or the threat of an unlawful strike.
(2) Where, on the complaint of an interested person, trade union, council of trade unions or employers' organization, the Board is satisfied that an employer or employers' organization called or authorized or threatened to call or authorize an unlawful lock‑out or locked out or threatened to lock out employees or that an officer, official or agent of an employer or employers' organization counselled or procured or supported or encouraged an unlawful lock‑out or threatened an unlawful lock‑out, it may direct what action if any a person, employee, employer, employers' organization, trade union or council of trade unions and their officers, officials or agents shall do or refrain from doing with respect to the unlawful lock‑out or the threat of an unlawful lock‑out.
(3) Where, on the complaint of an interested person, trade union, council of trade unions, employers' organization, employee bargaining agency or employer bargaining agency, the Board is satisfied that a person, employee, trade union, council of trade unions, affiliated bargaining agent, employee bargaining agency, employer, employers' organization, group of employers' organizations or employer bargaining agency, bargained for, attempted to bargain for, or concluded any collective agreement or other arrangement affecting employees represented by affiliated bargaining agents other than a provincial agreement as contemplated by subsection 162(1) or a project agreement under section 163.1, it may direct what action, if any, a person, employee, trade union, council of trade unions, affiliated bargaining agent, employee bargaining agency, employer, employers' organization, group of employers' organizations, or employer bargaining agency, shall do or refrain from doing with respect to the bargaining for, the attempting to bargain for, or the concluding of a collective agreement or other arrangement other than a provincial agreement as contemplated by subsection 162(1) or a project agreement under section 163.1.
(4) A party to a direction made under this section may file it, excluding the reasons, in the prescribed form in the Ontario Court (General Division) and it shall be entered in the same way as an order of that court and is enforceable as such.
[emphasis added]
The statute contains a comprehensive code that prohibits unlawful strikes, threats of unlawful strikes and behaviour intended to encourage unlawful work stoppages. Strikes are permitted only where there is no collective agreement in force, and the bargaining parties have completed the compulsory conciliation process contemplated by the statute. “Strikes” at any other time are unlawful.
The employer alleges that this point has been reached only by the UFCW and employees who work at the Weston plant. The fact that those employees are in a lawful strike position does not give other employees of Coca-Cola Bottling Company. (including those at the Overlea Boulevard plant) the right to engage in a strike themselves, whether to press their own demands or in support of those employees who are in a lawful strike position.
Moreover, the definition of “strike” is quite elastic, and encompasses any work refusal by a group of employees “in concert, in combination, or in accordance with a common understanding”. Those words have been held to encompass a broad range of collective activity including: slowdowns, “hot cargo arrangements”, “sympathy strikes” and a concerted refusal to cross picket lines as an expression of solidarity with the actions of another trade union. The definition of strike is one which does not include any reference to the motive of the union or its members for engaging in strike activity. If the activity includes a refusal to work or to continue to work, a slowdown or other concerted activity designed to restrict or limit output, it is a strike. It does not matter that the reason for the activity may be in response to action of the Legislature, or in response to any person or corporation’s activity in support of or in opposition to certain legislative initiatives: Domglas Ltd., [1976] OLRB Rep. Oct. 569 (application for judicial review dismissed, 78 CLLC 14,135). The prohibition in section 144 includes a prohibition against officers or agents of a trade union counselling, procuring, supporting or encouraging an unlawful strike. The definition is intentionally cast in very broad terms, and has been so construed by both the Board and the Courts.
These provisions are part of a comprehensive regulatory scheme that has been in place for about 50 years. Under that scheme, collective bargaining is given a statutory framework which it lacked at common law, and trade unions are relieved of many of the common law disabilities which might inhibit the bargaining process. Under the Act, where a trade union demonstrates majority support, employers have a statutory obligation to bargain and employees are protected from employer reprisals. A strike no longer severs the employment relationship (see section 1(2)), employers cannot penalize employees for engaging in lawful strike activity, and employees have a statutory right to return to work within six months of the commencement of a lawful strike. There are a variety of procedures designed to enhance the bargaining process, promote the resolution of disputes, and protect the union’s bargaining rights. Strike regulations are only part of the overall scheme, and cannot be read in isolation from it.
In summary then, the statute supports collective bargaining, recognizes a freedom to strike, and immunizes lawful strike activity from both common law disabilities and certain forms of employer reprisal. But, at the same time, the statute regulates the manner and time in which such economic pressure can be exerted. Even if there is no collective agreement in place, there can be no strike until conciliation is exhausted.
If an unlawful strike does occur, an employer can seek a number of remedies. In Monarch Fine Foods Limited, [1986] OLRB Rep. May 661, the Board outlined the options:
(1) Under section 144 an employer can seek a cease‑and‑desist order enforceable in the Ontario Court of Justice (General Division) as an Order of that Court. Disobedience can result in fine or imprisonment.
(2) An employer may seek damages at arbitration for any lost profits or economic losses [see section 103 of the Act].
(3) An employer can discipline employees who engage in unlawful concerted activity because engaging in a strike is a breach of their employment obligations which warrants at least some discipline, depending on the circumstances. (See for example: Re Oshawa Group Ltd. and Teamsters Union Local 419 (1988), 1988 CanLII 9224 (ON LA), 33 L.A.C. (3d) 97 where the arbitrator upheld a 14‑day suspension with consequent loss of pay for an employee engaging in an illegal strike.)
(4) The employer may seek a consent to prosecute and subsequently prosecute employees or the trade union for their breach of the law. An unlawful strike is not just a private protest. It is contrary to the Labour Relations Act. A successful criminal prosecution may result in fines of up to $2,000 per day for employees and $20,000 per day for the Union.
A variety of remedies may also be available to interested parties who are injured by an unlawful strike, or in respect of picketing in connection with an unlawful strike. Those remedies need not be elaborated here.
In unlawful strike situations (or threats) expedition is important ‑ particularly where it is said that strike activity is ongoing or imminent. The Board's practice is to schedule such matters for hearing as soon as possible. Accordingly, this matter is hereby set down for hearing on an expedited basis. The hearing will take place at the Boardroom, 2nd Floor, 505 University Avenue, Toronto, on Monday, July 23, 2001 beginning at 10:00 a.m. If the case is not resolved on that date, it will continue on consecutive days, from day to day thereafter, until completed or the Board otherwise directs.
The responding parties will have until 9:30 a.m. on Monday, July 23, 2001 to file their replies.
The applicants, the responding parties and the interested parties are both directed to take all reasonable steps to bring this decision to the attention of any employee or union official who may be affected by the situation under review, or the remedies which the applicants seek.
“David A. McKee”
for the Board