Bellefeuille v. CPR, 2011 ONSC 2648
DIVISIONAL COURT FILE NO.: 19/11
SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE – ONTARIO
RE: James Bellefeuille and Lillian Bellefeuille, Plaintiffs (Respondents)
AND:
Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and Canadian Pacific Railway Company, Defendants (Moving Parties)
BEFORE: Herman J.
COUNSEL: Kathleen Erin Cullin, for the Plaintiffs/Respondents
Steven F. Rosenhek, Rosalind H. Cooper, for the Defendants/Moving Parties
HEARD: March 9, 2011
ENDORSEMENT
1The defendants, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and Canadian Pacific Railway company (collectively, “CPR”), seek leave to appeal the decision of Hennessy J., dated November 5, 2010, in which she granted the motion of James Bellefeuille and Lillian Bellefeuille to amend their statement of claim, converting their action to a class proceeding.
2In seeking leave to appeal, CPR raises the following three issues:
Does the court have jurisdiction to convert an individual action to a class proceeding?
What is the test to be applied in deciding to grant leave to amend?
Should amendments be allowed which may have the effect of adding claims for property owners whose claims would otherwise be statute-barred?
3CPR contends that there is reason to doubt the correctness of the motion judge’s decision on all three issues and there are conflicting decisions with respect to the third issue. Furthermore, CPR submits that these are important issues of first instance and, as such, merit consideration by an appellate court.
Background
4The plaintiffs, James Bellefeuille and Liliane Bellefuille (“the Bellefeuilles”), own property in Cartier, Ontario.
5CPR also owns property in Cartier. The land was used as a railroad and a locomotive fuelling and maintenance facility from 1950 until 1981.
6CPR built a water treatment system in 1943. That water system serviced not only the CPR property but several residential properties and the municipal fire station as well.
7As a result of unintended leaks and spills of diesel fuel on the CPR property, there was soil contamination on part of the CPR property and on surrounding property.
8In 1999, CPR discovered that groundwater outside of the CPR property had been affected by the contamination. On October 20, 2000, CPR issued a press release announcing its decision to decommission the water treatment and distribution system. A community meeting was held a few days later during which the contamination, the decommissioning of the water system, the installation of wells and the purchase of properties in the affected area were discussed.
9According to the motion judge’s reasons, the Bellefeuilles concede that the limitation period with respect to the claim for diminution of property values began to run on October 26, 2000 and therefore ended on October 26, 2006 (see Limitations Act, R.S.O. 1990, c.L.15).
10The Bellefeuilles initiated their action against CPR on September 20, 2004. Between September 2004 and March 2005, 54 other individual actions were commenced against CPR. Each action related to a separate piece of property and sought damages for environmental contamination.
11All the plaintiffs in the 55 individual actions were represented by the same lawyer. The Bellefuilles say that prior to issuing their claims, the plaintiffs considered the possibility of proceeding as a class action, but decided against the class action route because of the Superior Court decision in Pearson v. Inco Ltd. (2002), 33 C.P.C. (5th) 264 (Ont. S.C.). In that case, the court had refused to certify an environmental damage claim as a class action. The decision was upheld by the Divisional Court (Pearson v. Inco. Ltd. (2004), C.P.C. (5h) 276), but was subsequently overturned, and the action certified, by the Court of Appeal (Pearson v. Inco Ltd. (2005), 18 C.P.C. (6th) 77).
12In February 2006, CPR served statements of defence in each of the 55 actions.
13In 2008, the Bellefeuilles brought a motion to amend their claim, seeking to convert it to a class proceeding under the Class Proceedings Act, S.O. 1992, c.6 (“CPA”).
14The amended claim is brought on behalf of the following proposed classes of claimants: Cartier property owners, previous property owners and business owners. This has the potential to result in approximately 95 additional properties becoming the subject of a claim.
15The parties agreed that the motion to amend would be heard first and the motion for certification would be heard separately in the event the motion to amend was successful.
16The motion judge granted the Bellefeuilles’ amendment and also ordered that CPR be compensated for their costs thrown away for defending the individual plaintiffs’ actions.
Does the court have jurisdiction to convert an individual action to a class proceeding?
17CPR submits that the court has no jurisdiction to convert a civil claim to a class proceeding. In the alternative, CPS maintains that the issue of jurisdiction is open to serious debate.
18One of the arguments put forward by CPR is that the result of converting this action to a class proceeding was to add statute-barred claims. However, at this stage of my reasons, I limit my consideration to whether the court has jurisdiction to convert a regular civil claim to a class proceeding. I will consider the issue of the addition of otherwise statute-barred claims separately.
Motion judge’s decision
19The motion judge reviewed various cases, noting that there was little reported case law. She also reviewed provisions of the CPA and the Rules.
20The motion judge noted that there was no explicit prohibition against converting a single action to a class proceeding by way of an amendment, nor was there a policy reason for such a prohibition. She stated:
Taking into account that the Rules are to be interpreted in harmony with the purposes of class proceedings, I am not convinced that there is any bar to amending an individual action so that it may become a proceeding under the CPA. Therefore the court may allow plaintiffs to amend their pleadings in order to bring a class proceeding, where on a threshold analysis, the purposes of a class proceeding will be fulfilled by such amendment.
21The motion judge indicated further that, on a threshold analysis, the claim appeared to have the essential elements of a class action: there was more than one person with a claim for damages arising from environmental contamination; the claim was made by a geographically defined group of property owners, occupiers and business owners allegedly affected by the acts of the descendants; and the plaintiffs claimed the same causal link between their damages and the alleged conduct of CPR.
22The motion judge concluded that the court had jurisdiction to make the requested amendments.
Analysis
23There is no specific provision that addresses the conversion of an individual action to a class action.
24Section 2(1) of the CPA states that “one or more members of a class of persons may commence a proceeding in the on behalf of the members of the class”. CPR submits that the import of this provision is that class actions must be initiated under the Act by commencing a proceeding, not by converting an individual action to a class action.
25Section 35 of the CPA provides that “the rules of court apply to class proceedings”. In Boulanger v. Johnson & Johnson Corp. (2003), 64 O.R. (3d) 208 (Div. Ct.) at para. 38, the Court considered the application of the Rules of Civil Procedure to class actions. Macdonald J. stated:
In my view, having considered s. 35 of the CPA and s. 66(3) of the CJA [Court of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. 43] together, the legislature intended that the rules of court (known as the Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 194 as amended), should “supplement” the provisions of the CPA “in respect of practice and procedure”, but without conflicting with the purpose for which the CPA was enacted.
26The motion judge referred to the following Rules: Rule 1.04, which requires that the rules be liberally construed to secure the just, most expeditious and least expensive determination of every civil proceeding on its merits; and Rule 26.01, which states that the court should grant lead to amend a pleading unless there would be non-compensable prejudice.
27The motion judge also referred to s. 7 of the CPA as an indication of the flexibility to move between class proceedings and individual actions. That provision allows the court to permit a class proceeding that fails certification to continue as one or more proceedings between different parties.
28There are few cases that deal with the conversion of a civil action to a class proceeding and none that directly address the question of whether the court has the requisite jurisdiction. There are no Ontario cases.
29In a few cases, the court appears to have assumed it had the jurisdiction to grant such an amendment but it denied the amendment on the basis that, in the circumstances of the particular case, there would be prejudice or it would be unfair to the defendant were the amendment granted: Stevenson Estate v. Bank of Montreal, [2009] S.J. No. 597 (Sask. Q.B.); Maurice v. Canada (Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 2004 FC 528, [2004] F.C.J. No. 670 (Fed. Ct.); Dorus v. Teck Corp., [2005] B.C.J. No. 1339 (B.C.S.C.).
30In Stevenson, the action had already proceeded through pleadings, discovery, numerous applications and an appeal to the Court of Appeal and was ready for the pre-trial conference, the last step prior to trial. The court refused to allow the amendment to convert the action to a class proceeding on the basis that it would be inequitable to the defendants and it would delay and complicate the trial. However, Currie J. suggested at para. 57 that such an amendment would be legally possible:
The Act [The Class Actions Act, S.S. 2001, c.C-12.01] does not address the amendment of an existing action to plead the Act, but in the Act the legislature has made the commencement of an action under the Act as accessible as possible. A plaintiff need only state in the statement of claim that the action is so commenced. From this ease of accessibility I infer that the legislature did not intend a barrier between a plaintiff and the opportunity to apply for certification of an action as a class action.
31The one case in which the court granted conversion from an individual action to a class action is Gaudet v. Sister Servants of Mary Immaculate, [2007] S.J. No. 115 (Sask. Q.B.). The plaintiffs in the Gaudet action and the plaintiffs in other actions sought leave to amend their statements of claim “to facilitate the presentation of an application for certification pursuant to The Class Actions Act, S.S. 2001, c.C.-12.01”.
32Again, the judge in Gaudet did not directly address the question of jurisdiction. However, the judge granted the amendment based on a variety of factors including: the plaintiffs said they would have difficulty pursuing their individual actions due to lack of financial resources and uncertain emotional capacity to testify repeatedly; there would be a risk of inconsistent verdicts without a class action or consolidation of the actions; and proceeding with numerous cases would increase the cost to all the parties, including the defendants.
33CPR submits that Gaudet is distinguishable from the case at hand because the proposed class in Gaudet did not include any plaintiffs who had not already commenced an action, while the Bellefeuilles’ proposed class includes a significant number of new plaintiffs.
34However, in all the cases cited by the motion judge and the parties, the court assumed it had jurisdiction to convert the action to a class proceeding. The motion judge in this case considered the relevant cases and the relevant provisions of the CPA and the Rules, as well as the policies underlying the CPA. In my opinion, there is no reason to doubt the correctness of her decision.
What is the test to be applied in deciding to grant leave to amend?
35Having determined that the court had jurisdiction to grant the amendment, the motion judge then considered whether she should grant the amendment. In deciding that she would, the motion judge relied on the test in Rule 26.01, that is, the court should grant an amendment on such terms as are just, unless prejudice would result that could not be compensated for by costs or an adjournment.
36It should be noted that the motion judge also conducted a threshold analysis, that is, whether the claim appeared to have the essential elements of a class action. She conducted this analysis in the context of determining whether she had the requisite jurisdiction to convert the action to a class proceeding.
37CPR submits that the test the judge applied was inadequate. Given the unique nature of an amendment converting an individual action into a class action, it is CPR’s contention that the court should have imposed additional requirements before granting the amendment. In particular, CPR submits that the would-be representative plaintiffs should be required to explain and justify the failure to initiate the action as a class proceeding at the outset.
38In support of its position, CPR cites two cases: M.J. Dixon Construction limited v. Hakim Optical Laboratory Limited (Ont. S.C.J.) at para 47; and Canadian Imperial bank of Commerce v. Petten, 2010 ONSC 6726 at para. 6 (Ont. S.C.J.). Both of these cases involved a motion to set aside a default judgment and in both cases, the court considered the effect on the integrity of the justice system under the rubric of prejudice.
39There is nothing in any of the decisions cited by the parties which deal with conversion that would indicate the court should consider matters beyond prejudice to the defendant, other than a statement in Dorus v. Teck Corp. at para. 7, in which the court indicated that converting the matter to a class action would complicate and delay matters, “aside from the concern of unfairness to the defendants”. In Stevenson, Currie J. also considered the fact that the conversion of the action would delay and complicate the trial.
40In the case at hand, while the Bellefeuilles did not proceed with the motion expeditiously, the motion judge noted that the defendants did not take any steps to push the matter along and did not identify any prejudice arising from the delay. Furthermore, the Bellefeuilles provided a reason why they did not initiate their claim as a class action: they understood that a class action was not advisable in view of the state of the law at the time.
41The motion judge considered CPR’s submission that there was prejudice based on the fact that they had already filed statements of defence in the individual actions, while they would not have been required to file a statement of defence in a class action claim prior to the certification motion. The motion judge reviewed the statement of defence and determined that there was nothing in it that would prejudice CPR. To the extent that there was prejudice, it was compensable, in that CPR had been put to the expense of preparing fifty-five statements of defence. The motion judge addressed this by ordering that CPR be compensated for their costs thrown away for defending the individual actions.
42In addition to possible prejudice to CPR, the motion judge also considered the alternative, that is, fifty-five actions against CPR for the same damages arising from the same set of facts. She concluded that continuing with the separate actions did not make legal or common sense.
43The motion judge gave thorough consideration to the circumstances of the case. In particular, she consider whether the claim met the threshold for a class proceeding and whether there was any non-compensable prejudice to CPR. She also considered the relative benefits of proceeding by way of a class action as compared to proceeding with fifty-five individual actions. There is, in my opinion, no reason to doubt the correctness of her decision.
Should amendments be allowed which may have the effect of adding claims for property owners whose claims would otherwise be statute-barred?
44CPR submits that the motion judge erred in allowing amendments which have the effect of commencing new, statute-barred claims in respect of approximately 95 additional properties.
45In her decision, the motion judge noted that the limitation period was six years and the Bellefeuilles agreed that the limitation period with respect to the claim for diminution of property values ended on October 26, 2006.
46The motion judge stated that there was no Limitations Act issue with respect to the proposed amendment to convert the action to a class proceeding because such an amendment only involved a procedural change. Rather, any limitations issues arose in the context of the definition of the class and the possible addition of a new claim and would best be dealt with in the certification process. She noted that CPR was free to argue all issues with respect to the definition of the class or classes, including Limitations Act issues, in the certification motion.
47CPR submits that the motion judge’s approach is contrary to that adopted by the Court of Appeal in Frohlick v. Pinkerton Canada Ltd., (2008) 2008 ONCA 3, 88 O.R. (3d) 401 (C.A.). Frohlick was an appeal from a motion judge’s refusal to allow amendments to a statement of claim on the basis that the proposed amendments advanced a new and unrelated claim and this new claim was statute-barred. In dismissing the appeal, Rouleau J.A. indicated that: “[R]ule 26.01 does not contemplate the addition of unrelated statute-barred claims by way of amendment to an existing statement of claim.”
48Frohlick is, in my opinion, distinguishable in that it was not a class action. The CPA provides a specialized process including a certification proceeding at which the definition of the class will be addressed.
49CPR suggests that the motion judge implied at paragraph 57 of her reasons that otherwise statute-barred claims were preserved by the timely commencement of the Bellefeuilles’ action. I do not read her reasons in that way. Rather, she indicated that the motion to convert the action to a class proceeding was procedural, not substantive, and limitations issues would be dealt with in the certification process.
50I conclude that there is no reason to doubt the correctness of the motion judge’s decision with respect to her treatment of claims which may be statute-barred, nor are there conflicting decisions. Furthermore, as long as CPR’s rights are preserved with respect to raising limitations issues, there is no prejudice to them.
Conclusion
51For the reasons set out above, I conclude that there is no reason to doubt the correctness of the motion judge’s decision with respect to the three issues raised by CPR, nor are there conflicting decisions. The motion for leave to appeal is therefore dismissed.
52I would encourage the parties to come to an agreement with respect to costs. If they are unable to do so, the Bellefeuilles may deliver written submissions within 14 days of the release of this decision. CPR has a further 14 days within which to deliver a written response. Submissions should be no more than 5 pages each, plus a bill of costs.
Herman J.
Date: April 29, 2011