K.B. (by his Litigation Guardian R.N.) et al. v. Toronto District School Board et al.
[Indexed as: B. (K.) (Litigation Guardian of) v. Toronto District School Board]
81 O.R. (3d) 56
Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Divisional Court,
Chapnik J.
May 3, 2006
Education -- Schools -- Judicial review -- Sealing order -- Pupils bringing application for judicial review of respondents' decision to exclude them and then transfer them from their school as result of alleged violent incident -- Respondents not meeting test for sealing order as reasonably available alternative measures existed in form of order editing court file to remove names of accused, victim and witnesses and any identifying information relating to them -- Disclosure of anonymous information not being contrary to Education Act or Youth Criminal Justice Act -- Education Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.2 -- Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, c. 1.
The applicants brought an application for judicial review of the respondents' decisions to exclude and then transfer them from their school as a result of an alleged violent incident. A sealing order was granted, along with an order replacing the applicants' names with their initials. The respondents brought a motion for orders continuing the sealing order, requiring that no student be referred to in oral argument by name or actual initials but rather by pseudonymous initials, [page57 ]and banning the publication of the name and any information that would tend to identify a student referred to in oral argument. They argued that the sealing order and other relief should be granted in light of the provisions of the Education Act pertaining to the secrecy of a student's records and the restrictions on publication contained in the Youth Criminal Justice Act ("YCJA").
Held, the motion should be granted in part.
A party seeking to limit the principle of open courts must establish that such an order is necessary in order to prevent a serious risk to the proper administration of justice because reasonably available alternative measures will not prevent the risk; and that the salutary effects of the publication ban outweigh the deleterious effects on the rights and interests of the parties and the public, including the effects on the right to free expression, the right of the accused to a fair and public trial, and the efficacy to the administration of justice. While given the statutory imperative sealing of information from pupil records contained in the court file might be justified, a less intrusive and reasonable alternative was available, namely, the editing of the record to remove identifying information of the victims and witnesses and render it anonymous. Though the Education Act creates a privilege and obligations of secrecy with respect to "pupil records", when that information becomes part of the public record it is subject to the common law and the constitutional principle of open courts. Once the name and identifying information with respect to a pupil is removed from the Ontario Student Record, disclosure of the anonymous information is consistent with the objectives of the Education Act.
Although the victim and witnesses in this case had indicated that they feared for their safety, no particulars as to the underlying basis for that fear were provided, so the risk was speculative in nature. The applicants had consented to the release of their pupil records. While ss. 110 and 111 of the YCJA represent a statutory exception to the presumption of openness in court proceedings, they do not preclude public access to the information in the file. These provisions only restrict publication of the names and identifying information relating to the accused, victim and witnesses. Disclosure of anonymous information in this case would not be contrary to the Education Act or the YCJA. It was unnecessary to seal the entire court file to prevent serious risk to the administration of justice. The sealing order was rescinded. The court file was to be open to the media and the public, subject to its being edited to remove the names of the accused, the victim and the witnesses and any identifying information relating to them. The other relief requested by the respondents, i.e., that no student be referred to in oral argument by name or actual initials, was granted.
MOTION for an order extending the sealing order and for related relief.
Cases referred to Dagenais v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp, 1994 39 (SCC), [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835, [1994] S.C.J. No. 104, 20 O.R. (3d) 816n, 120 D.L.R. (4th) 12, 175 N.R. 1, 25 C.R.R. (2d) 1, 94 C.C.C. (3d) 289, 34 C.R. (4th) 26; R. v. Mentuck, [2001] 3 S.C.R. 442, [2001] S.C.J. No. 73, 163 Man. R. (2d) 1, 205 D.L.R. (4th) 512, 277 N.R. 160, 269 W.A.C. 1, [2002] 2 W.W.R. 409, 158 C.C.C. (3d) 449, 47 C.R. (5th) 63, 2001 SCC 76 (sub nom. R. v. Mentuck (C.G.)), apld Other cases referred to Canadian Broadcasting Corp. v. New Brunswick (Attorney General), 1996 184 (SCC), [1996] 3 S.C.R. 480, [1996] S.C.J. No. 38, 182 N.B.R. (2d) 81, 139 D.L.R. (4th) 385, 203 N.R. 169, 463 A.P.R. 81, 39 C.R.R. (2d) 189, 110 C.C.C. (3d) 193, 2 C.R. (5th) 1; F.G. v. Scarborough (City) Board of Education, [1994] O.J. No. 240, 68 O.A.C. 30, 45 A.C.W.S. (3d) 880, 22 W.C.B. (2d) 489 (Div. Ct.); [page58 ]R. v. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd., [2005] 2 S.C.R. 188, [2005] S.C.J. No. 4, 1200 O.A.C. 348, 253 D.L.R. (4th) 577, 335 N.R. 201, 197 C.C.C. (3d) 1, 2005 SCC 41, 29 C.R. (6th) 251, affg (2003), 2003 13331 (ON CA), 67 O.R. (3d) 577, [2003] O.J. No. 4006, 232 D.L.R. (4th) 217, 110 C.R.R. (2d) 288, 178 C.C.C. (3d) 349, 17 C.R. (6th) 392 (C.A.); Vancouver Sun (Re), [2004] 2 S.C.R. 332, [2004] S.C.J. No. 415, 240 D.L.R. (4th) 147, 322 N.R. 161, [2005] 2 W.W.R. 671, 120 C.R.R. (2d) 203, 184 C.C.C. (3d) 515, 2004 SCC 43, 33 B.C.L.R. (4th) 261, 21 C.R. (6th) 142 Statutes referred to Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Education Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.2, ss. 265(1)(d), 266(2) [as am.], (2.1) [as am.], (9), (10) [as am.] Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, c. 1, ss. 110, 111 Authorities referred to Ontario, Ministry of Education, Violence-Free Schools Policy, 1994
Lora M. Patton, for responding party K.B. Selwyn Pieters, for responding party T.M. Thomas McRae and Jennifer Trépanier, for moving parties. Tony S.K. Wong, for Toronto Star. Craig A. Lewis, for The Alleged Victim and Witnesses. Donald F. McLeod, for C.D. Alleged Participant. Lee Ann Chapman, for Justice for Children and Youth.
[1]
Background
CHAPNIK J.: -- In December 2005, an alleged violent incident took place at Emery Collegiate Institute which resulted in Youth Criminal Justice Act proceedings being brought against four students of the school, two of whom are applicants in this proceeding.
2The applicants seek judicial review of the respondents' decisions to exclude and then transfer them from the school. The pleadings and evidence on the application make reference to the four students, as well as to the victim and witnesses to the alleged incident and the circumstances surrounding it.
3Initially, a motion was brought by the respondents to have the judicial review hearing conducted as an in camera proceeding, as a result of the respondents' concerns relating to the provisions of the Education Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.2, and the Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, c. 1 (the "YCJA"). Subsequently, the respondents withdrew their application to bar the public from the courtroom and to have a publication ban imposed.
4However, on February 1, 2006, by order of Perell J. made on consent of all parties, the court's public record of this matter was ordered sealed subject to the exemption of permitting the parties [page59 ]and the Attorneys General of Ontario and Canada to access and use the information in the record for the purpose of the application. Perell J. made orders substituting all applicants' names with their respective initials, amending the style of cause accordingly, and sealing the court's public record in its entirety until the hearing of this application on its merits.
5The said order has been continued by further orders of the court pending the release of these reasons.
6In this motion, the respondents seek orders continuing the sealing of the court's public record, requiring that no student be referred to in oral argument by name or actual initials but rather by pseudonymous initials, and banning the publication of the name and any information that would tend to identify a student referred to in oral argument.
7On February 27, 2006, Epstein J. granted the Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law ("Justice for Children") leave to intervene on terms that preserved the confidentiality of the evidentiary record.
8The alleged victim and witnesses who are students at the school have consented, through counsel, to their information being provided in a redacted version with non-identifying initials, to Justice for Children, the Ontario Human Rights Commission, the Toronto Police Services Board and certain named officers. They specifically do not consent to the Toronto Star's having access to the court file. Further, while they consent to have the matter proceed in an open forum, provided they are referred to by arbitrary initials, they have requested that the court record be sealed from the general public.
9By letters dated April 13, 2006, they set out the respondents' position as follows:
. . . these individuals have indicated that they still fear for their safety and it is their unshakable position that no mention shall be made of their names or their actual initials. Furthermore, they want the court record to be sealed from the public . . .
With respect to excluding the public from the hearing of the application, it is more important to them that their identity is protected and thus, provided their names or initials are not used, they do not care about the public being excluded. Also, they do not have a particularly strong interest regarding a publication ban provided that the limitations on disclosure as contained in the Youth Criminal Justice Act and the Education Act are observed.
10Further, by letter dated April 20, 2006, they stated the following:
. . . provided that the materials in the file are properly redacted to remove any and all names, as well as anonymizing their names and initials, they are [page60 ]content to allow the interveners, with the exception of the Toronto Star, access to the court file.
However, they still maintain that they do not wish to have this court file available to the general public.
11The applicants and at least one of the other students involved in the alleged incident have waived their right to privacy and consented to the release of their student records to the public.
12At the outset of the proceedings before me, Toronto Star Newspapers Limited (the "Toronto Star") brought a motion for leave to intervene and, if granted, to make submissions opposing the granting of the relief sought by the respondents, and in particular, the request for an order sealing the court file. Leave was granted and the Toronto Star was given full rights to intervene and make submissions at the hearing of the motion.
13I am advised that there are no cases considering the provisions of the Education Act and the YCJA in the context of court proceedings where a sealing order has been requested by a party.
The Position of the Parties
[14]
The Position of the Parties
The respondents (as well as the victim and witnesses) contend that the sealing order and other relief should be granted, particularly in light of the provisions of the Education Act pertaining to a student's records and the restrictions on publication contained in the YCJA.
15The applicants and the intervenors, the Toronto Star and Justice for Children, take the position that the respondents have not discharged the onus of justifying a confidentiality order in this case. They argue that the court file should be open, with the usual proviso that the names of the applicants, witnesses and victim who are under 18 years of age "shall not be published".
The Statutory Framework
(a) The Education Act
[16]
The Statutory Framework
One of the duties imposed on a principal of a school is to collect information for inclusion in a record for each pupil enrolled in the school and to "establish, maintain, retain, transfer and dispose of the record" (s. 265(1)(d)).
17Pursuant to s. 266(2), an Ontario student record (known as an OSR) is "privileged for the information and use of supervisory officers and the principal and teachers of the school for the improvement of instruction of the pupil".
18Moreover, subject to limited exceptions, the OSR "is not available to any other person" and is "not admissible in evidence [page61 ]for any purpose in any trial, inquest, inquiry, examination, hearing or other proceeding", without the written permission of the parent or guardian of the pupil or, when the pupil is an adult, the written permission of the pupil.
19Section 266(9) provides that, except where the OSR is introduced as provided in s. 266, no person shall be required in any trial or other proceeding to give evidence in respect of the content of the record.
20Section 266(10) provides as follows:
266(10) Except as permitted under this section, every person shall preserve secrecy in respect of the content of a record that comes to the person's knowledge in the course of his or her duties or employment, and no such person shall communicate any such knowledge to any other person except,
(a) as may be required in the performance of his or her duties; or
(b) with the written consent of the parent or guardian of the pupil where the pupil is a minor; or
(c) with the written consent of the pupil where the pupil is an adult.
(Emphasis added)
(b) The Youth Criminal Justice Act
21The YCJA prohibits the publication of the identity of persons charged under the YCJA or victims of or witnesses to YCJA offences or other information that would lead to the identification of a person charged, victims or witnesses. Section 110(1) reads:
110(1) Subject to this section, no person shall publish the name of a young person, or any other information related to a young person, if it would identify the young person as a young person dealt with under this Act.
22Pursuant to s. 111(1), subject to the section"no person shall publish the name of a child or young person, or any other information related to a child or a young person, if it would identify the child or young person as having been a victim of, or as having appeared as a witness in connection with, an offence committed or alleged to have been committed by a young person".
23Information that would serve to identify a child or young person as a victim or witness may, however, be published after he or she attains the age of 18 years or with consent of his or her parents. (s. 111(2))
Analysis
[24]
Analysis
This motion raises issues of public importance in that it involves young persons under the age of 18, a publicly funded institution, and statutory and constitutionally protected rights. [page62 ]
25The respondents rely on the above provisions of the Education Act and the YCJA to support their motion to seal the documents and the information contained therein. By analogy, they note that s. 266(2.1) of the Education Act makes it plain that this was the intention of the legislature, since an express exemption was necessary to permit the principal to provide basic information about a pupil, such as name, address and birth date, to the medical officer of health.
26Moreover, though there is no regulation governing OSRs, a Ministry of Education Guideline confirms that privilege; and where there are restrictions on the use of the information contained in an OSR, the only exception is for the collection of information conducive to the improvement of the instruction of the student.
27The specific information and documents required in the OSR include:
-- The full name, grades and birth date of the student;
-- The student's address and home telephone number;
-- The name of each school the student attended;
-- The student's report card which includes the student's attendance record; and
-- A Violent Incident Form.
The Violent Incident Form is a product of the Ministry's Violence-Free Schools Policy, 1994, and is required where a violent incident occurs in a school. This policy pertains not only to the perpetrators [of] violence but also to the victims and witnesses, and it speaks of their safety, need for support and ensuring confidentiality. As stated in the introduction to the Framework for School Boards' Violence-Prevention Policies"[v]iolence has a contaminating effect. It affects not only the victim and the perpetrator, but also friends and families of both, witnesses, the school, and the broader community."
28Though no formal Violent Incident Form was prepared in this case, the incident was promptly recorded in the students' files and hence, the court record. I agree with the respondents that the information contained therein attracts the same privilege and restrictions in use as any similar information ordinarily contained in a formal OSR.
29According to the respondents, since the victim and witnesses have consented to the sealing order sought by the respondents, no broader order should be made without their consent. [page63 ]
30I am aware that, given the specific prohibition on publication, courts have held, under provisions of this type in young offenders' legislation, that it was appropriate for hearings concerning student discipline or other education- related matters to be held in camera or for the court file to be sealed. See, for example, F.G. v. Scarborough (City) Board of Education, [1994] O.J. No. 240, 68 O.A.C. 308 (Div. Ct.).
31Indeed, in this case, the parties' suspension appeals will be heard in camera.
32However, that poses a different situation than the one here, where the applicants have brought an application for judicial review of certain decisions and the respondents seek an order sealing the court's public record in its entirety, with limited exceptions.
33In advancing the interests of the press and the public, the Toronto Star relied on the well settled principle of open courts in Canada, under the common law and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. See, for example, R. v. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. (2003), 2003 13331 (ON CA), 67 O.R. (3d) 577, [2003] O.J. No. 4006 (C.A.); and Canadian Broadcasting Corp. v. New Brunswick (Attorney General), 1996 184 (SCC), [1996] 3 S.C.R. 480, [1996] S.C.J. No. 38, at p. 496 S.C.R.
34The Supreme Court of Canada in two decisions, Dagenais v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp., 1994 39 (SCC), [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835, [1994] S.C.J. No. 104 and R. v. Mentuck, 2001 SCC 76, [2001] 3 S.C.R. 442, [2001] S.C.J. No. 73 (at para. 32), established a two-pronged test to be satisfied by a party seeking to limit the principle of open courts:
(a) that such an order is necessary in order to prevent a serious risk to the proper administration of justice because reasonably alternative measures will not prevent the risk; and
(b) that the salutary effects of the publication ban outweigh the deleterious effects on the rights and interests of the parties and the public, including the effects on the right to free expression, the right of the accused to a fair and public trial, and the efficacy to the administration of justice.
While the test arose in the context of publication ban applications, it has been extended to apply to all discretionary orders that seek to limit freedom of the press during judicial proceedings: Vancouver Sun (The), 2004 SCC 43, [2004] 2 S.C.R. 332, [2004] S.C.J. No. 415, at para. 31.
35The first prong of the Dagenais/Mentuck test requires that the moving party show not only that the order limiting openness is necessary to prevent a serious risk to the administration of justice, but also proof that the order sought is as narrowly [page64 ]circumscribed as possible and there are no other effective means available to achieve that objective. The respondents have not satisfied that onus in this case.
36In my view, although given the statutory imperative, sealing of information from pupil records contained in the court file may be justified, under the Dagenais/Mentuck test, a less intrusive and reasonable alternative is available, that being the editing of the record removing identifying information of the victim and witnesses such as to render the information therein anonymous. In that regard, I make the following observations and findings:
(1) While the Education Act creates a privilege and obligations of secrecy with respect to "pupil records", once that information becomes part of the public record, it is subject to the common law and the constitutional principle of open courts.
(2) Once the name and identifying information with respect to a pupil is removed from the OSR, the anonymous information being disclosed is consistent with the objectives of the Education Act.
(3) In this case, though the victim and witnesses have indicated through counsel that "they still fear for their safety", no particulars as to the underlying basis for that fear were provided; and accordingly, the risk is speculative in nature.
(4) The applicants K.B. and J.M. have consented to the release of their pupil records. Moreover, they have access to the entire court file and, according to counsel for Justice for Children, the identity of the victim and witnesses may be generally known, in any event.
(5) While ss. 110 and 111 of the YCJA represent a statutory exception to the presumption of openness in court proceedings, they do not preclude public access to the information in the file. These provisions only restrict publication of the names and identifying information relating to the accused, victim and witnesses. The Act does not require that the proceedings involving young persons be held in camera, or that the names of the accused, witnesses or victims not be spoken in the course of the proceeding.
Conclusion
[37]
Conclusion
In summary, I find that disclosure of anonymous information in this case would not be contrary to the Education Act or the YCJA. [page65 ]
38The courts have stressed the heavy evidentiary burden on the party seeking to limit the principle of open courts. The risk must be real and substantial, that is, it must be a risk, the reality of which is well grounded in the evidence. That is not the case here.
39More importantly, there are reasonably available, alternative measures to a complete sealing order that are less violative of freedom of expression. It is, therefore, not necessary to seal the entire court file to prevent serious risk to the administration of justice.
40Accordingly, the application of the respondents is dismissed in part. The sealing order imposed by the order of Perell J., dated February 1, 2006, and continued by order of Wilson J., dated April 21, 2006, is hereby rescinded. The court file is to be open to the media and the public subject to its being edited to remove the names of the accused, the victim and the witnesses and any identifying information relating to them. For further clarification, the media can fully report on the evidence of witnesses or refer to exhibits so long as such a report does not violate ss. 110 and 111 of the YCJA.
41The other relief requested by the respondents that no student be referred to in oral argument by name or actual initials, is granted.
42In its costs submission, counsel for the Toronto Star stated:
This motion raised complex legal issues including the delicate balance to be struck between the protection of the common law and constitutional principle of open courts and the protection of the privacy interests of young persons and information contained in student records.
I agree; as this application involved a rather novel point of law, I make no order as to costs.
Motion granted in part.