Robinson v. Corporation of the City of Sarnia [Indexed as: Robinson v. Sarnia (City)]
50 O.R. (3d) 680
[2000] O.J. No. 3529
Court File No. 1044
Ontario Superior Court of Justice
Divisional Court
Kent, Cunningham and McKinnon JJ.
September 20, 2000
Insurance -- Automobile insurance -- Actions -- Section 266 of Insurance Act precluding claims arising from use or operation of motor vehicle -- Plaintiff injured after getting off transit bus and falling on icy sidewalk -- Plaintiff suing City as operator of transit bus for negligence and for breach of contract as passenger -- Although motor vehicle involved, plaintiff's claim in contract not necessarily precluded by s. 266 of Insurance Act -- Application of s. 266 of Insurance Act depending upon genuine nature of plaintiff's claim -- Plaintiff's claims in contract being disguised negligence claims -- Plaintiff's action dismissed as statute-barred -- Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8, s. 266.
Limitations -- Motor vehicles -- Section 266 of Insurance Act precluding claims arising from use or operation of motor vehicle -- Plaintiff injured after getting off transit bus and falling on icy sidewalk -- Plaintiff suing City as operator of transit bus for negligence and for breach of contract as passenger -- Although motor vehicle involved, plaintiff's claim in contract not necessarily precluded by s. 266 of Insurance Act -- Application of s. 266 of Insurance Act depending upon genuine nature of plaintiff's claim -- Plaintiff's claims in contract being disguised negligence claims -- Plaintiff's action dismissed as statute-barred -- Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8, s. 266.
In January 1993, R, then aged 80, fell after getting off a transit bus owned and operated by the City of Sarnia. She fell on ice that had accumulated on the City sidewalk. She sued the City in tort for negligence and in contract for breach of her contract as a passenger of the bus. Desotti J. found that a claim against the City for poorly maintaining the sidewalk would be statute-barred and that the claim in negligence under the Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8 was statute-barred for being issued after the limitation period. Further, he found that the extent of R's injuries did not satisfy the criteria of s. 266 of the Insurance Act that would permit an action in respect of loss or damage arising from the use or operation of an automobile. However, he concluded that s. 266 of the Insurance Act did not preclude actions in contract and that the City was negligent in failing to salt or sand the icy conditions at the bus stop. Desotti J. fixed damages in the amount of $24,000 and, after concluding that R was contributorily negligent in having refused the assistance of the bus driver, he awarded R $12,000. The City appealed.
Held, the appeal should be allowed.
Section 266(1) of the Insurance Act, which applies to claims arising directly or indirectly from the use or operation of an automobile, does not foreclose actions in contract where the use of the motor vehicle is merely incidental to the true claim being advanced. To determine whether s. 266(1) applies, it is necessary to analyze the genuine nature of the claim being made. The mere fact that a motor vehicle is involved does not answer the question. In the immediate case, although a claim was made in contract, the real claim was a claim in negligence. The pleadings as they related to a breach of implied contract really amounted to claims of negligence in disguise. There was no independent contractual obligation imposed in the circumstances that would impose liability on the City. Accordingly, the plaintiff's claims were statute-barred, and the City's appeal should be allowed.
APPEAL from a judgment for damages for injuries sustained after a fall on a municipal sidewalk.
Cases referred to Bleau v. Nepean (City) (1983), 21 M.P.L.R. 217, [1983] O.J. No. 315 (H.C.J.); Bruell Float Services Ltd. v. Ontario Hydro, 1975 17 (SCC), [1976] 1 S.C.R. 9, 55 D.L.R. (3d) 236, 3 N.R 508, affg (1973), 1974 34 (ON CA), 3 O.R. (2d) 108, 44 D.L.R. (3d) 524 (C.A.); Byrne v. Goodyear Canada Inc. (1981), 1981 1685 (ON SC), 33 O.R. (2d) 800, 125 D.L.R. (3d) 695 (H.C.J.); Clarke v. 449136 Ontario Inc. (1997), 1997 14543 (ON CA), 34 O.R. (3d) 742, 30 M.V.R. (3d) 167 (C.A.), affg (1996), 1996 7958 (ON SC), 27 O.R. (3d) 658, 28 C.C.L.T. (2d) 262, 46 C.P.C. (3d) 19, 20 M.V.R. (3d) 274 (Gen. Div.) [leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused (1998), 227 N.R. 194n, [1997] S.C.C.A. No. 570]; Clost v. Colautti Construction Ltd. (1985), 1985 2021 (ON SC), 52 O.R. (2d) 339, 35 C.C.L.T. 259, 5 C.P.C. (2d) 11, 36 M.V.R. 38 (H.C.J.); Daviault v. Canadian Motorcycle Assn. (1985), 1985 2019 (ON SC), 49 O.R. (2d) 147 (H.C.J.); F.W. Argue Ltd. v. Howe, 1968 35 (SCC), [1969] S.C.R. 354, 3 D.L.R. (3d) 290; Fitzgerald v. Eaz-Lift Spring Corp. (Ontario) (1981), 1981 2654 (NS CA), 45 N.S.R. (2d) 15, 119 D.L.R. (3d) 483, 86 A.P.R. 15 (C.A.); Heppel v. Stewart, 1968 18 (SCC), [1968] S.C.R. 707, 69 D.L.R. (2d) 88; Lebed v. Chrysler Canada Ltd. (1979), 1979 2033 (ON SC), 25 O.R. (2d) 161, 100 D.L.R. (3d) 553 (H.C.J.); Meyer v. Bright (1993), 1993 3389 (ON CA), 15 O.R. (3d) 129, 110 D.L.R. (4th) 354, 48 M.V.R. (2d) 1, [1993] O.J. No. 2446 (C.A.) [leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused (1994), 17 O.R. (3d) xvi, 172 N.R. 160n]; Renaud v. OC Transpo (1992), 1992 7594 (ON SC), 9 O.R. (3d) 726, 91 D.L.R. (4th) 755, 40 M.V.R. (2d) 51 (Gen. Div.); Sapp v. Sudbury (City) (No. 2878/ 97), (unreported) Statutes referred to Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8, s. 266
Douglas A. Wallace, for appellant. Carl E. Fleck, Q.C., for respondent.
1C. MCKINNON J.: -- This appeal involves a determination as to whether the provisions of s. 266 of the Ontario Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8, bar recovery for actions framed in contract.
The Facts
2On January 25, 1993, the respondent, Nora Robinson, then aged 80, sustained injuries after slipping and falling on an icy sidewalk after disembarking from a transit bus owned and operated by the appellant, the Corporation of the City of Sarnia. On the day in question, the weather was clear and cold. There was ice everywhere, including all of the city sidewalks. When arriving at her bus stop, the bus driver warned the respondent of the icy conditions and offered to assist her. In evidence, the bus driver stated:
When she got up and she got to the front, I asked her if she would like me to take her bags for her. And she said "No, I can do it". I said "Well when you get off hang on to the pole because it is really icy."
3The respondent was carrying her purse and two plastic grocery bags, one in each hand. She did not use the pole.
4After disembarking from the bus, she slipped and fell on ice accumulated beneath snow on the sidewalk. After her fall she stated"My legs. My damn arthritic legs. My knees." She then informed the bus driver that the fall was not the driver's fault.
5In his reasons for judgment, the learned trial judge found that:
The conduct of the bus driver was exemplary. She not only warned the plaintiff of the dangerous situation but offered to carry her bags from the bus. This proper and appropriate gesture was not accepted by the plaintiff. Moreover, her own previous knowledge of the poor conditions should have caused her to accept such assistance.
6As a result of the fall, the respondent suffered a displaced fracture of the left distal fibula.
The Findings of the Trial Judge
7Desotti J. found that had the respondent sued the appellant for a slip and fall on a poorly maintained city sidewalk or curb, the claim would have been statute-barred pursuant to the provisions of the Ontario Municipal Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. M.45. He found that her action in negligence under the Ontario Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8 was statute- barred because the claim was issued one day after the limitation period lapsed. He found that the respondent did not fall into one of the exceptions prescribed by s. 266 of the Insurance Act because the respondent had not sustained:
. . . permanent serious impairment of an important bodily function caused by continuing injury which is physical in nature.
He fixed damages in the amount of $24,000 with the respondent's contributory negligence fixed at 50 per cent, thus resulting in an award of damages of $12,000.
8In referring to the contributory negligence, Desotti J., apart from commenting on the "exemplary conduct" of the bus driver, stated:
She not only warned the plaintiff of the dangerous situation but offered to carry her bags from the bus. This proper and appropriate gesture was not accepted by the plaintiff. Moreover, her own previous knowledge of the poor conditions should have caused her to accept such assistance. The plaintiff's failure of accepting this aid, plus her knowledge of the dangerous conditions plus the warning by the bus driver significantly contributed to the resulting fall and injury.
9However, because the plaintiff's claim had been pleaded in both negligence and implied breach of contract, the trial judge relied upon the decision of Bruell Float Services Ltd. v. Ontario Hydro (1974), 1974 34 (ON CA), 3 O.R. (2d) 108, 44 D.L.R. (3d) 524 (C.A.), per Estey J.A. (as he then was) [at p. 114]:
. . . it would take the clearest possible language on the part of the Legislature to impose by a statute of this nature a limitation provision affecting actions in contract only by reason of the circumstance that a vehicle might be somehow involved in the performance of that contract.
10Desotti J. stated:
In my view, the simplest interpretation of s. 266 would not invite the imposition of this limitation in these circumstances where a public carrier is sued for a breach of an implied duty of care. This case is virtually identical to Bleau v. Nepean (City), [1983] O.J. No. 315 where the action was dismissed against the transit authority but liability against the city was affirmed. In the case before me, the Defendant Corporation of the Sarnia is both the operator of the transit system as well as responsible for the conditions at the bus stops.
11The trial judge quoted the following passage from Bleau v. Nepean (City) (1983), 21 M.P.L.R. 217, [1983] O.J. No. 315 (H.C.J.) [at p. 225 M.P.L.R.]:
. . . in the present case a condition very dangerous for pedestrians existed on the roadway immediately in front of the bus shelter and in the location from which the plaintiff attempted to board a bus. This condition could have been remedied with ease by the application of salt or sand and I find that the failure of the corporation of the city of Nepean to apply either of these substances, or to take other action to put the roadway in a safe condition for the pedestrians who were known to the city to make use of that roadway and who were in fact compelled to do so if they wished to use the bus system, was the sole cause of the accident and is responsible for the consequences.
The trial judge stated:
I adopt and echo those comments in the case before me. In this case the defendant allowed an elderly lady to be discharged in an area of ice and snow when it knew that the conditions were treacherous and thus it breached an implied term of its contract with the plaintiff, its passenger.
Analysis
12At the outset, it should be noted that the plaintiff's statement of claim in essence complained of the "icy condition of the bus steps". Insofar as the action in contract was concerned, the claim alleged "that it was an implied term of the contract between the Plaintiff and the Defendant that the Defendant would maintain the bus and specifically the steps as to safely facilitate the assent [sic] and egress of the Plaintiff from the said transit bus." There was no evidence that the steps of the bus were icy.
13In particularizing the implied terms of the contract, the plaintiff alleged a failure to keep the steps [free] from ice and snow, allowing an elderly lady to be discharged to an area of ice and snow when it knew or ought to have known danger would occur, failing to warn the plaintiff of the hazards of the steps and the icy conditions as she was disembarking from the bus and failing to provide assistance to an elderly woman from disembarking from the bus when it knew or ought to have known the conditions were icy.
14As far as the allegations in negligence are concerned, they are particularized as failing to take proper precautions in discharging the plaintiff, allowing the bus to move at a time when the plaintiff was alighting, thereby creating a situation of danger, failing to properly warn the plaintiff of a situation of danger, failing to properly warn the plaintiff of its intention to move the vehicle at the time she was alighting from it, failing to take proper conditions to ensure that the steps and area from which the plaintiff was alighting was free from ice and snow, and being reckless and negligent in its care and handling of the plaintiff as an elderly person in discharging her from the bus.
15In essence, the plaintiff's claim is grounded in negligence. The allegations of breach of contract sound in negligence.
16One more observation is apposite to the case at bar. The Bleau case, supra, relied upon so heavily by the trial judge, did not involve any issue involving limitation periods. That case simply dealt with the liability of the City of Nepean to maintain the condition of bus stops within its boundaries.
17In the case at bar, Desotti J. found that had the action been brought pursuant to the Municipal Act for failure to salt and sand at the roadway, the action was statute-barred. Further, in finding that the plaintiff did not meet the threshold imposed by the Insurance Act, the only relief available to the plaintiff would be an action in contract which was not subject to the threshold nor the limitation period imposed by the Municipal Act.
18The pleadings in the case at bar have been phrased almost strictly in accordance with the pleadings filed in the case of Renaud v. OC Transpo (1992), 1992 7594 (ON SC), 9 O.R. (3d) 726, 91 D.L.R. (4th) 755 (Gen. Div.), in which the plaintiff slipped on the step of a bus and was injured. In that case, the defendant pleaded that the action was barred by s. 180(l) of the Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1980, c. 198, because it was an action for the recovery of damages "occasioned by a motor vehicle". Chadwick J. held that s. 180(1) did not apply to actions for breach of contract, and the fact that the bus was a motor vehicle was merely incidental to the plaintiff's claim. While this case appears to be supportive of the plaintiff's claim in the present case, we observe that Chadwick J. in his reasons did not expound upon his finding, and it would appear that because he found negligence in the circumstances, he may have been inclined to find an implied breach of contract. That said, in the case at bar, there was no negligence and the slip and fall occurred on the sidewalk not the steps of the bus.
19Cases involving the limitation imposed by the Highway Traffic Act are informative to the discussion of the limitations imposed by the Insurance Act. There is a lengthy and sometimes contradictory path arising from those cases, best analyzed by Osborne J. (as he then was) in Clost v. Colautti Construction Ltd. (1985), 1985 2021 (ON SC), 52 O.R. (2d) 339, 35 C.C.L.T. 259 (H.C.J.). Osborne J. considered certain apparently conflicting decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada in Heppel v. Stewart, 1968 18 (SCC), [1968] S.C.R. 707, 69 D.L.R. (2d) 88; F.W. Argue Ltd. v. Howe, 1968 35 (SCC), [1969] S.C.R. 354, 3 D.L.R. (3d) 290; and Bruell Float Services Ltd. v. Ontario Hydro, 1975 17 (SCC), [1976] 1 S.C.R. 9, 55 D.L.R. (3d) 236. In Clost, Osborne J., correctly in our view, stated [at p. 345 O.R.]:
What filters through the Supreme Court of Canada's decisions in Argue and Bruell is the need to examine the substance of the claim being advanced, as opposed to simply considering what actually caused the damage complained of. Mr. Nelson contends that the obvious basis of the plaintiff's claim is that the plaintiff was struck and injured by a car and that the claim advanced against all defendants, including the applicant toy manufacturer, are in tort. There is no doubt about the factual integrity of that submission. In my view, the intellectual exercise required must focus on the claim being made against the defendant seeking the protection of the Highway Traffic Act limitation period. What claim is being made against that Defendant? That is a far different exercise than asking the simplistic question, how was this plaintiff injured? or, did a motor vehicle occasion the physical injury referred to as the basis for the plaintiff's damage claims?
20In our view, this is the exercise to be followed in analyzing whether the limitation period imposed by the Insurance Act would apply. An analysis of the true claim advanced by the plaintiff must be made. The mere fact that a motor vehicle is involved does not answer that question. There are circumstances where actions in contract quite appropriately would arise from circumstances where the use of the motor vehicle is incidental to the claim. Such cases have involved an action against a repairer of the brakes of a vehicle which resulted in an accident because of ill repair: see Lebed v. Chrysler Canada Ltd. (1979), 1979 2033 (ON SC), 25 O.R. (2d) 161, 100 D.L.R. 553 (H.C.J.); a motor vehicle accident which occurred as a result of a faulty tire: see Byrne v. Goodyear Canada Inc. (1981), 1981 1685 (ON SC), 33 O.R. (2d) 800, 125 D.L.R. (3d) 695 (H.C.J.); an action against a taverner where excessive service of alcohol resulted in an automobile accident: see Clarke v. 449136 Ontario Inc. (1996), 1996 7958 (ON SC), 27 O.R. (3d) 658, 20 M.V.R. (3d) 274 (Gen. Div.) and the unsuccessful appeals in the Court of Appeal for Ontario (1997), 1997 14543 (ON CA), 34 O.R. (3d) 742, 30 M.V.R. (3d) 167 and Supreme Court of Canada, [1997] S.C.C.A. No. 570, 227 N.R. 194n; an action by a person injured at a motorcycle race after being struck by a motor vehicle which left the track: see Daviault v. Canadian Motorcycle Assn. (1985), 1985 2019 (ON SC), 49 O.R. (2d) 147 (H.C.J); an action for damages to a motor vehicle suffered as a result of a cargo trailer overturning due to a malfunction of sway control bars: see Fitzgerald v. Eaz-Lift Spring Corp. (Ontario) (1981), 1981 2654 (NS CA), 119 D.L.R. (3d) 483, 45 N.S.R. (2d) 15 (C.A.); or where a vehicle belonging to a common carrier drove under a low bridge and machinery being transported was damaged by striking the bridge, the claim by the owner of the machinery was not subject to the provisions of the Highway Traffic Act, because such a case was, in essence, an action for damages for breach of contract to deliver the equipment at the specified destination: see Bruell Float Services Ltd. v. Ontario Hydro, supra.
21These examples are certainly not exhaustive of the kinds of actions in contract which may arise independent of the limitation period contemplated in the Highway Traffic Act or the Insurance Act.
22In Meyer v. Bright (1993), 1993 3389 (ON CA), 15 O.R. (3d) 129, [1993] O.J. No. 2446, the Ontario Court of Appeal made comments with respect to the purpose and interpretation of s. 266 of the Insurance Act. The court stated at p. 134 O.R.:
In our view, the Ontario legislature enacted s. 266 and other related amendments to the Act for the purpose of significantly limiting the right of the victim of a motor vehicle accident to maintain a tort action against the tortfeasor. The scheme of compensation provides for an exchange of rights wherein the accident victim loses the right to sue unless coming within the statutory exemptions, but receives more generous first-party benefits, regardless of fault, from his or her own insurer. . . . the legislation provides for enhanced benefits for income loss and medical and rehabilitation expenses to be paid to the accident victim regardless of fault.
23Implicitly, it could be argued that the Ontario Court of Appeal regarded s. 266 as applying only to actions in tort and not to actions in contract.
24Section 266 reads as follows:
- In respect of loss or damage arising directly or indirectly from the use or operation of an automobile and despite any other Act, none of the owner of an automobile, the occupants of an automobile or any person present at the incident are liable in an action in Ontario for loss or damage from bodily injury arising from such use or operation . . .
(Emphasis added)
25A strict reading of s. 266 would appear to foreclose actions in contract. However, we are persuaded that the words of Estey J.A. previously quoted are appropriate to the analysis of s. 266, namely that it would take the clearest possible language on the part of the legislature to foreclose actions in contract only because a vehicle was somehow involved in the performance of the contract.
26Notwithstanding, we are persuaded that the real claim being made against the defendant in the case at bar is a claim in negligence and not implied contract. The pleadings as they relate to a breach of implied contract really amount to claims of negligence in disguise. We can find no independent contractual obligation imposed in the circumstances that would impose liability on the defendant. Indeed, the trial judge in his reasons for judgment in essence found that the defendant City of Sarnia was negligent in failing to salt or sand the icy conditions at the bus stop. Clearly, that action was barred due to the provisions of the Municipal Act.
27This court is unanimously of the view that s. 266(1) of the Insurance Act does not foreclose actions in contract where the facts support such an action, namely where the fact of the use of a motor vehicle is merely incidental to the true claim being advanced. However, the facts in this case do not support such an action.
28The court has been referred to Sapp v. Sudbury (City), an unreported decision of Poupore J., Action No. 2878/97 in the Superior Court at Sudbury, wherein Poupore J. held that s. 266(1) of the Insurance Act foreclosed actions in contract. A reading of the decision convinces us that the line of cases considered by Osborne J. in Clost, supra, did not appear to be cited to him and we are, therefore, not persuaded that the case constitutes authority that would persuade us otherwise.
29In the result the appeal is allowed with costs here and below to be assessed.
Appeal allowed.